Understanding Deliverance Dane

Understanding Deliverance Dane Deliverance Dane Facts Known for:  accused witch in the 1692  Salem witch trials  Occupation:  homemakerAge at time of Salem witch trials:  40 years oldDates:  January 15, 1652 – June 15, 1735Also known as Deliverance Hazeldine Dane; Dane was also spelled Dean or Deane, Hazeltine sometimes spelled Haseltine or Haseltine Family, Background: Mother: Ann or Anna – probably Wood or Langley (1620 – 1684) Father: Robert Hazeltine (1609 – 1674) Siblings: Anna Kimball (1640 – 1688), Mercy Kimball (1642 – 1708), David Hazeltine (1644 – 1717), Mary Hazeltine (1646 – 1647), Abraham Hazeltine (1648 – 1711), Elizabeth Hazeltine (1652 – 1654), Robert Hazeltine (1657 – 1729), Gershom Hazeltine (1660 – 1711) Husband: Nathaniel Dane (1645 – 1725), son of Rev. Francis Dane and brother of two accused witches, Abigail Faulker Sr. and Elizabeth Johnson Sr. Husband’s siblings: Hannah Dane (1636 – 1642), Albert Dane (1636 – 1642), Mary Clark Dane Chandler (1638 – 1679, 7 children, 5 alive in 1692), Elizabeth Dane Johnson (1641 – 1722), Francis Dane (1642 – before 1656), Albert Dane (1645 - ?), Hannah Dane Goodhue (1648 – 1712), Phebe Dane Robinson (1650 – 1726), Abigail Dane Faulkner (1652 – 1730) Children: Nathaniel Dane, 1674 - 1674Francis Dane, 1678 – 1679Hannah Dane Osgood, 1679 – 1734, married to Samuel Osgood, son of John Osgood (1691 – 1693); Mary Osgood was Hannah’s mother-in-law, married to John OsgoodDaniel Dane, 1684 - 1754Mary Allen(?), 1686 - 1772Hannah Osgood, 1686 - 1734Deliverance Foster, 1693 - 1754Abigail Carleton, born 1698 – 1775 Deliverance Dane Before the Salem Witch Trials Married in 1672 to Nathaniel Dane, son of Andover’s local Puritan minister, Deliverance Dane had married into a powerful family.   Her father was from Devon, England, and her mother had been born in Rowley, Massachusetts Province.   Deliverance was the third-eldest of their nine children. By 1692, Deliverance and Nathaniel Dane already had five children, with another conceived in mid-year before the witchcraft accusations seriously hit the family. Deliverance’s father-in-law had some years before opposed a witchcraft trial.   He was critical of the Salem Village proceedings, as well. Andover was located generally to the northwest of Salem Village. Because she was probably caught up in the accusations because of her family connections, this article highlights those close family members accused as well, to illustrate the timeline better. Deliverance Dane and the Salem Witch Trials Although Elizabeth Johnson had been mentioned in a January deposition by Mercy Lewis, nothing had come of that. (Whether that was Nathaniel’s sister Elizabeth Dane Johnson or his niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., is not clear.) But by August, Elizabeth Johnson Jr. had been accused and was examined  on August 10. She confessed, implicating others.   On August 11, another of Nathaniel’s sisters, Abigail Faulkner, Sr., was arrested and accused.   On August 25, Mary Bridges Jr. of Andover was examined, accused of afflicting Martha Sprague and Rose Foster.   On the 29th of that month, Elizabeth Johnson Jr.’s siblings, Abigail (11) and Stephen (14) were arrested, as was Elizabeth Johnson Sr. and her daughter Abigail Johnson (11). Both of Deliverance’s sisters-in-law, Abigail Faulkner Sr. and Elizabeth Johnson Sr., were examined on August 30. They confessed, Elizabeth at least implicating others, including her sister and her son. On August 31, Rebecca Eames  was examined for the second time, and her confession included accusations against Abigail Faulkner.   Stephen Johnson then confessed on September 1, saying he had afflicted Martha Sprague, Mary Lacy, and Rose Foster. Deliverance Dane Accused Around   September 8: Deliverance Dane, according to a petition issued after the end of the trials, was first accused when two of the afflicted girls were called to Andover to determine the cause of sickness of both Joseph Ballard and his wife. Others were blindfolded, their hands laid on the â€Å"afflicted persons,† and when the afflicted persons fell into fits, the group was seized and taken to Salem. The group included Mary Osgood, Martha Tyler, Deliverance Dane, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson and Hannah Tyler. Some were, the later petition said, persuaded to confess what they were suggested to confess.   Afterward, over their shock at arrest, they renounced their confessions.   They were reminded that Samuel Wardwell had confessed and then renounced his confession and was therefore condemned and executed; the petition states that they were frightened that they would be next to meet that fate. Deliverance Dane confessed under examining. She said that she had been working with Mrs. Osgood. She implicated her father-in-law, Rev. Francis Dane, but he was never arrested.   Most of the records of her arrest and examinations have been lost. On September 16, Abigail Faulkner Jr. (9) was accused and arrested and examined along with her sister Dorothy (12).   According to the record, they implicated their mother, stating that â€Å"thire mother apared and mayd them witches and also marth [a] Tyler Johanah Tyler: and Sarih Willson and Joseph draper all acknowlidge that they ware lead into that dradfull sin of witchcrift by hir meanse.† Abigail Faulkner Sr. was among those tried and convicted by the court on September 17, condemned to be executed.   Her sentence was suspended, however, until she could complete her pregnancy. But by the end of September, the trials had almost completely run their course.   There would be no more executions.   Now, some of those in jail and not convicted could be released – if their costs were paid for the time they’d been in jail, and a bond to ensure that they’d return if the trials resumed. Deliverance Dane After the Trials: What Happened to Deliverance Dane? We don’t know when she was released – records related to Deliverance Dane are quite spotty.   There is no indication of her release date nor the conditions under which she was released, though she may not have been indicted. Deliverance’s husband Nathaniel Dane and a neighbor, John Osgood, paid 500 pounds on October 6 to gain the release of Dorothy Faulkner and Abigail Faulkner Jr. Three other adults paid 500 pounds that day to release Stephen Johnson and Abigail Johnson along with Sarah Carrier.   On October 15, Mary Bridges Jr. was able to gain release when John Osgood and Mary’s father John Bridges paid a 500-pound bond. In December, Abigail Faulkner, Sr., petitioned the governor for clemency. Her husband’s illness had worsened, and she pleaded her case that she needed to care for the children. He arranged for her release from prison. On January 2, the Rev. Francis Dane wrote to fellow ministers that, knowing the people of Andover where he served as a senior minister, I believe many innocent persons have been accused and imprisoned. He denounced the use of spectral evidence. A similar missive signed by 41 men and 12 women of Andover was sent to the Salem court. In January, Elizabeth Johnson Jr. was among those found not guilty in a Superior Court trial of those who had been indicted in September. Another undated petition to the Salem Court of Assize, probably from January, is on record from more than 50 Andover â€Å"neighbors† on behalf of Mary Osgood, Eunice Fry, Deliverance Dane, Sarah Wilson Sr. and Abigail Barker, stating faith in their integrity and piety, and making clear that they were innocent. The petition protested the way that many had been persuaded to confess under pressure what they were charged with and stated that no neighbors had any reason to suspect that the charges might be true. John Osgood and John Bridges got Mary Bridges Sr. released on January 12 with a 100-pound bond. In 1693, Deliverance Dane appears again in the record.   On February 20 Deliverance Dane gave birth to a baby girl also named (appropriately) Deliverance – the mother was to go on to have one more child about five years later.   And also in 1693, there is on file a petition by Nathaniel Dane, asking the sheriff, clerk and jail keeper for an accounting of the â€Å"prison fees and money and provision necessarily Expended† for his wife, Deliverance Dane, and his manservant (not named). In 1700, Deliverance’s niece Abigail Faulkner Jr. asked the Massachusetts General Court to reverse her conviction. In 1703, residents of Andover, Salem Village, and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Esty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth Howe and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor, and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   Francis and Abigail Faulkner, Nathaniel Dane (Deliverance’s husband) and Francis Dane (presumably her father-in-law) were among those signing the petition. Another petition was filed that year on behalf of Deliverance Dane, Martha Osgood, Martha Tyler, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson and Hannah Tyler, who had been arrested together. May 1709: Francis Faulkner joined with Philip English and others to submit yet another petition on behalf of themselves and their relatives, to the Governor and the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay Province, asking for reconsideration and remuneration. In 1711, the  legislature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay  restored all rights to many of those who had been accused in the 1692 witch trials. Included were George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and  Martha Corey,  Rebecca Nurse,  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How,  Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker,  Martha Carrier, Abigail Faulkner, Anne Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury and Dorcas Hoar. Deliverance Dane lived until 1735. Motives Deliverance Dane may have been caught up in the accusations because of her close association with both witchcraft skeptic Rev. Francis Dane, and her sister-in-law, Abigail Faulkner Sr., who controlled more wealth and property than women usually did because of her husband’s large inheritance and illness that prevented him from managing it. Deliverance Dane in  The Crucible Deliverance Dane and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem witch trials, The Crucible. Deliverance Dane in  Salem, 2014 series Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in the Salem TV series. Deliverance Dane in Other Fiction In a 2009 novel by Katherine Howe, The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane, Deliverance Dane is depicted as an actual witch.

Law School Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law School Personal Statement - Essay Example Boredom never struck me in those days as I was ardently listening my professor's lectures. Almost all the words he spoke were bits of very useful information and wisdom in my ears. Having the chance to read formal casebooks, I further studied controversial and popular legal cases. I also read books that teach techniques on how to settle disputes and to win negotiations. I also learned how to defend my future clients by applying what my instructors thought me. At this time, I felt that there was no holding back; I had to enrol in a prestigious law school or suffer a lifetime full of regret and sorrow. However, as in any pursuits in life, trials nearly doomed my envisioned vocation. While attending my undergraduate studies, I have faced numerous obstacles and challenges. In 2004, my aunt and ten-year-old cousin died unexpectedly. In 2005, I lost a close friend due to skin cancer. Also in that same year misfortune further struck as my uncle died a heart attack. A few months later, my father was severely injured while attempting to fix a machine at his work, leaving him partially disabled. All of these incidents profoundly affected my life. They impaired my focus and enthusiasm not only in my personal but also in my academic life, causing me to nearly give up and forget about my ambition. Yet after days of meditation and reflection, I realized that these events happened to me with a reason: to become emotionally and spiritually matured, a very vital quality of a successful lawyer. I said to myself in those times, I would never let these corrupt my future and discourage me from reaching my dream. This optimistic thought pushed me to regain my focus in school. Thanks to these trials I became wiser in handling school and personal affairs. I have learned how to use them on my advantage by motivating me to move further instead of pushing me to hold back. My renewed passion has driven me to improve my focus and to work harder to become a promising lawyer. With regards to my employment and community experiences, I actively engaged in activities that I think would improve my competency in the legal sphere. I worked as a trombone instructor for two different high school band camps during the summers of 2004 and 2005. I experienced giving trombone lessons to high school, middle school, and elementary students since 2004. Through this job, I had refined my teaching, leadership, and other interpersonal skills. Managing events and establishing a healthy working relationship with administrators were the significant skills that I acquired while working as a graduation Marshall on Ohio University in 2004 and 2005. I also volunteered for community service for added personal experience. Though the sorority Tau Beta Sigma, I volunteered to spend time with residents at a nursing home for a day. I also participated in preparing and serving food for the poor and the homeless through Good Works. In addition, through Good Works, I was able to remodel rooms to shelter these unfortunate homeless people. These were all memorable experiences that I really cherished. I enjoyed spending time with the nursing home residents and helping the homeless. I enjoy giving my time volunteering myself to help the community, knowing that I can learn invaluable lessons from these experiences that

Statistical techniques in engineering Management Essay

Statistical techniques in engineering Management - Essay Example (d) Since central limit theorem uses a sample of the population that is chosen at random it will not affect the location and the spread of the data. The data will follow the same normal distribution curve as the entire population. The mean, median and mode will be the same or approximately the same as that of the entire population. (b) Fixation indices- is the description of the expected level of heterozygosity in a given data. It is used to determine or measure the correlation between data drawn from different levels of a subdivided entire set of data. (c) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)- is set of statistical models and the procedures entailed, in which the variance in one variable is subdivided to different sources of variations. It is commonly used to test average of different groups of set of data. Because if the process inputs are correct and accurate, if the method of calculating and analyzing are correct the process output will be accurate or near accurate. If you concentrate on a process output the inputs might not be correct and even with the correct analysis the the output is bound to be wrong and therefore misleading. (a) Primary Data-this kind of data is collected specifically with its objective in mind. It was collected for a specific purpose. An example is data collected from staff or clients in form of questionnaires or data collected from the variation of a product in a manufacturing process. (b) Secondary data- is data that was collected for a specific purpose but now it is being reused for another different method. For example using questionnaires and initial analysis to calculate the viability of something new or use of initial set of variations results of a product to predict the likelihood of it occurring

Benefits to Bailing Out the Big 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits to Bailing Out the Big 3 - Essay Example Sure, these companies will be subject to certain conditions when borrowing federal money; however, it is no different if they were to borrow from a bank. Banks also like to see what the borrowed money will be used for, and in some instances, they like to see an entire plan drafted up before letting the money go. Lenders like to see that the one they are lending to has a purpose for borrowing from them, and the borrower is subject to those terms until the loan is paid off. While numerous individuals put a lot of effort into disputing why helping these three companies with their losses is not a good idea, there are a number of reasons why the bail out of these three companies makes great sense for the American people. First of all, we must look at how long these three companies have been in business, as well as the history behind these companies. Ford has been in business since 1903, when it was first founded by Henry Ford, Sr. The first car manufactured by the ford family, known as the Model T, was ready to deliver to the public in 1925. This company was the first to put the first car on the road, as well as the first to make cars available to the masses. Ford made sure just about anyone could afford to have a car, as they did whatever possible to cater to those of the middle class. Not to mention, Ford is big on human rights and providing jobs to the jobless, and their priority has always been to make sure that everyone working for them receives fair wages, as they were the first to enact a five dollar a day policy. Ford has been proven to make a large impact on America, even today. Ford has always done business in this fashion since their very beginning, as they have always been all about the people (NPR), (Ford Motor Company). Then, there is General Motors, a company that has been around almost just as long as Ford. General Motors is the manufacturer of some of the most popular cars, such as the Cadillac, the Pontiac, and the Hummer, a car that a lot of people try to get their hands on to drive in ultimate luxury ("Merchandise," General Motors). General Motors was founded in 1908 by William C. Durant, and has now become the world's largest manufacturer of cars. Though General Motors has had a rocky history-the company sinking into debt after doing well for two years, Durant resigning from his company in 1920 to later file for personal bankruptcy, a violent sit-down strike in Flint Michigan by hourly workers in the year 1937, another strike occurring for one hundred and thirteen days between 1945 and 1946, being convicted of conspiracy in 1949, losing more than $750,000,000 in 1980 due to the drop in sales on cars and trucks, and another strike that occurred in 1998 that almost shut down all of General Mot or's production in North America-they have accomplished a great deal. Some of the accomplishments of General Motors was that a Cadillac was made with the first electric self starter in history, General Motors accounted for twelve percent of the car market in the United States, they expanded to working overseas, first starting in Britain and Germany between 1925 to 1929, their market shares rose to 41% in 1941, were the first to manufacture cars with air conditioning,, and they have gone as far as to selling cars in

Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on Insomnia

Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on Insomnia CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Introduction Insomnia is a major health concern particularly when individuals develop dependency and problematic withdrawal symptoms related to conventional prescription drugs. Approximately 27% of the adult male population and 31% of the adult female population in South Africa suffer from insomnia (Strangers et al., 2012). Insomnia disorder is characterized by one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning waking, and non-refreshing sleep (South African Association of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). Current conventional treatment for insomnia includes psychological and drug therapies. Conventional medication for insomnia is limited and has its drawbacks (Moch, 2011). While continued research and development is ongoing to broaden the clinical evidence on the use of homeopathic remedies in the treatment of insomnia to further establish its benefits, current information suggests that the effect of individualised homeopathic treatment has not been researc hed to date in females with insomnia disorder. Aim of the Study The aim of this study was to determine the effect of individualised homeopathic treatment on insomnia disorder in females using detailed case studies and the Insomnia Severity Index. Null Hypothesis It is anticipated that the individualised homeopathic remedy will not be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females. Hypothesis It is anticipated that the individualised homeopathic remedy will be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females. Importance of the Problem CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sleep Sleep can be defined as a state of reversible unconsciousness in which the brain becomes less responsive to external stimuli (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Although the amount of sleep a person needs varies, most individuals need an average of six to eight hours of sleep a night in order to feel refreshed (Attele et al., 2000). Numerous physiological processes are regulated during sleep and therefore it is a universal need that is essential for well-being (Moch, 2011). 2.2 The Physiology of Sleep Normal sleep is divided into two distinctive states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which can be differentiated by an electroencephalogram (EEG) (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Normal sleep begins with NREM sleep and progresses through deeper NREM stages, before the first episode of REM sleep occurs about 80 to 100 minutes later. Thereafter, a sleep cycle, which is the alternation of periods of NREM and REM sleep, lasts approximately 90 minutes and recurs 3 to 7 times per night. NREM sleep is more prominent and deeper than REM sleep during the first half of the night; NREM constitutes the main sleep activity. NREM sleep is shallow during the second half of the night, and the proportion of REM sleep gradually increases during each subsequent sleep cycle (Carlstedt, 2010). Figure 2.1 shows EEG graphs of these sleep stages. 2.2.1 NREM Sleep NREM sleep appears as wakefulness-maintaining mechanisms decline. NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages (Lee-Chiong, 2006): Stage 1: an individual first enters stage 1. The EEG is difficult to distinguish from the waking EEG of a drowsy person, theta wave activity occurs, and heart rate and muscle tension begin to decrease. During this early stage of sleep an occasional muscle jerk, usually of an arm or leg, referred to as myoclonus may be experienced. This experience is often accompanied by a brief visual image, such as tripping or falling (Freberg, 2009). Stage 2: after 10 to 15 minutes in stage 1, the individual enters stage 2 NREM sleep. The EEG shows sleep spindles and K-complexes, which reflect the brain’s effort to maintain sleep while monitoring the external environment. Heart rate and muscle tension further reduce. During this stage the individual is able to sleep through familiar stimuli, but wakes in response to unfamiliar stimuli (Freberg, 2009). Stage 3 and 4: after approximately 15 minutes in stage 2, the individual enters stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, also referred to as slow-wave sleep. In both stages, the EEG shows delta wave activity, however, stage 3 differs from stage 4 in the sense that a greater proportion of stage 4 consists of delta waves. During these stages heart rate, blood pressure and core temperature are at their lowest levels. Awakening the individual during these stages is difficult and disorientating (Freberg, 2009). 2.2.2 REM Sleep REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because while the EEG resembles the waking EEG, it is accompanied by reduced skeletal muscle tone of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, except in the eye where rapid eye movements (saccadic eye movements) occur. These saccadic eye movements are small, fast, jerky movements, which bring the eye from one visual fixation point to another and may be associated with watching the visual images of dreams (Sanoop et al., 2012). Despite the apparently alert EEG it is more difficult to awaken an individual from REM sleep than it is to awaken them from slow-wave sleep. In addition, there is an increase in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate, as well as increased blood flow to the genitals. Control of core temperature is poor during this state of sleep (Wagner Silber, 2004). During REM sleep the EEG becomes desynchronised and low voltage fast activity is seen, PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) spikes also appear, which is characteristic o f REM sleep (Sanoop et al., 2012). SLEEP STAGES ON AN EEG Figure 2.1 Different Stages of Sleep as seen on an EEG (Source: J. A. Horne. (1998). Why We Sleep: The Functions of Sleep in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford Uni. Press, England) 2.3 The Function of Sleep There are 3 theories accredited to the function of sleep: Energy conservation theory: according to this theory, energy expenditure that has occurred during waking hours recovers during sleep (OrthoApnea, 2012). Two mechanisms explain how sleep is able to conserve energy. First, sleep reduces energy expenditure by indirectly reducing activity; this mechanism is also active when individuals are awake, but inactive. Secondly, sleep reduces energy expenditure below that achieved by quiet wakefulness by causing a change in physiology (Kryger et al., 2011). Findings that endothermic mammals, including humans, reduce their core temperature and metabolic rate during sleep to support the waking demands support this theory (Kothare Kotagal, 2011). Restorative theory: this theory suggests that the function of sleep is to restore physiological and biochemical processes that have been depleted during waking hours. Indirect evidence supports this presumption: There is an increased release of growth hormone by the pituitary gland following sleep onset Endogenous anabolic steroids are released during specific stages of sleep There is an increased rate of bone growth, as well as increased mitosis of lymphocytes during sleep During sleep, genes involved in brain protein synthesis, myelin formation, synaptic vesicle turnover, lipid metabolism, and membrane maintenance are unregulated (Kothare Kotagal, 2011). Learning and memory theory: this theory proposes that sleep is necessary for brain plasticity, which is essential in the processes of learning and memory. Several studies have shown that sleep improves learning and memory without task repetition, which suggests that information processing and long-term memory consolidation are enhanced during sleep (Kothare Kotagal, 2011). 2.4 Insomnia 2.4.1 Definition and Description of Insomnia Insomnia is defined as the inability to obtain an adequate duration or quality of sleep (National Sleep Foundation, n.d.). It is characterized by one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning waking, and non-refreshing sleep (South African Association of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). Insomnia occurs despite an adequate time and opportunity for sleep and results in impairment in daytime functioning (World Health Organisation, 2009). 2.4.2 Incidence, Epidemiology and Demographics of Insomnia Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and the second most common overall complaint reported in primary healthcare settings (Attarian, 2004), with approximately 30% of the general adult population in South Africa occasionally suffering from insomnia. Insomnia is present in around 50% of individuals treated in a clinical setting and about 10% of these individuals suffer from persistent insomnia. Although insomnia affects individuals of almost every demographic, complaints of insomnia increase with age, and women are more affected than men (Truter, 2008). 2.4.3 Insomnia in Females Epidemiological studies comparing the prevalence of insomnia between the genders all report a higher prevalence amongst females. Studies have shown that there is an increased prevalence of insomnia amongst younger females, even in adolescent girls, compared to their age-matched male counterparts. One of the most common perimenopausal symptoms in women aged between 35 and 55 is insomnia (Grewal Doghramji, 2010). Biological differences in sex hormones may contribute to the gender difference in insomnia. For some women, insomnia may arise secondary to menstrual symptoms e.g. headaches, bloating, cramping and breast tenderness. Sleep disturbances during menstrual periods are associated with alterations in progesterone, prolactin and melatonin levels. Melatonin modulation by sex hormones may cause dysregulation of sleep-wake mechanisms (Soares, 2005). Insomnia occurs in approximately half of all menopausal women and may be directly associated with the presence of hot flushes. Nocturnal hot flushes may cause repeated awakenings throughout the night. Menopausal women experiencing hot flushes report more frequent awakenings, inefficient sleep, and poor quality sleep, compared with those who do not experience hot flushes. Temperature-regulating and sleep-regulating centers in the brain may be disturbed by changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian hormone levels that occur during menopause, resulting in hot flushes and insomnia (Soares, 2005). In addition, increased levels of psychological distress have also been postulated as potential contributors to insomnia in women; including social changes, stress associated with the â€Å"empty nest† syndrome, nursing aging parents or family members, separation from life partners due to divorce or death (Soares, 2005). 2.4.4 Classification of Insomnia Insomnia may be situational (acute), persistent, or recurrent. Situational insomnia lasts for a few days up to a few weeks and is usually caused by life events or rapid changes in environment or sleep schedules. Once the precipitating event subsides, the insomnia usually resolves. In some individuals, insomnia may persist for a long period of time after the initiating event, possibly due to conditioning and heightened arousal; conditioned arousal may then persist and lead to persistent insomnia. However, in some individuals, insomnia may have an insidious onset where no identifiable cause can be found. Insomnia may also be episodic, with recurrent episodes of sleep difficulties occurring during stressful events (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). According to the DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition), insomnia disorder is classified as: A predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one (or more) of the following symptoms: difficulty initiating sleep; difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings; and/or early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioural, or other important areas of functioning. The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per week. The sleep difficulty is present for at least 3 months. The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep. The insomnia is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep-wake disorder (e.g., narcolepsy, a breathing-related sleep disorder, a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, a parasomnia). The insomnia is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication). Coexisting mental disorders and medical conditions do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of insomnia (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). 2.4.5 Signs and Symptoms of Insomnia Symptoms and signs of insomnia include lying awake for extended periods of time before being able to fall asleep, waking up several times during the night (sleeping for short periods of time), waking up early in the morning with an inability to fall back to sleep and/or waking up in the morning feeling unrefreshed or tired (NIH, 2011). 2.4.6 Predisposing, Precipitating and Perpetuating Factors of Insomnia Factors that predispose an individual to insomnia include: genetics, personality traits, psychologic arousal (eg. anxiety, agitation, and heightened vigilance), and time of day sleep-wake preference (Lee-Chiong, 2008). One theory is that physiological hyperarousal may be a predisposing factor for insomnia; research has shown that individuals with insomnia disorder have an increased metabolic rate, increased secretion of ACTH, increased beta activity in the EEG, a more rapid increase in heart rate in response to stress, and increased daytime alertness despite having a shorter sleeping period. Another predisposing factor for insomnia may be a decreased homeostatic drive for sleep; research has shown that patients with insomnia disorder do not have the same increase in slow-wave sleep following sleep deprivation that is seen in those without insomnia. A decreased sleep drive would make it more difficult to initiate and maintain sleep under baseline as well as sleep-deprived conditions ( Lee-Chiong, 2006). Insomnia is a symptom with numerous and diverse aetiologies, and in a large percentage of the population more than one cause may be present; these include: stressful life events such as conflicts in the workplace, marital distress, or final examinations; a change of usual habits; sudden changes in sleep-wake schedules caused by jet lag or changes in work shifts; environmental disturbances such as excessive noise or light in the bedroom; medication use or medication withdrawal; substance abuse; and chronic medical or psychiatric conditions. Examples of chronic medical conditions include: any condition associated with pain, respiratory or cardiac diseases associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, renal failure, hyperthyroidism, and neurodegenerative diseases (Lee-Chiong, 2006). Perpetuating factors are cognitive and behavioural changes that occur after an individual has had insomnia for a period of time. Cognitive changes that occur include preoccupation with sleep during the day, as well as a fear of not being able to sleep and fear of daytime impairment. This leads to tension at bedtime, and upon waking up during the night. Behavioural changes include keeping irregular sleep-wake schedules, taking naps during the day, staying in bed in an attempt to gain more sleep, and engaging in stimulating activities during the night. Individuals often make these changes in response to their insomnia, in an attempt to get more sleep; however, while these changes may relieve insomnia in the short-term, they promote insomnia in the long-term (Lee-Chiong, 2006). 2.4.7 Consequences of Insomnia Insomnia may result in feelings of fatigue and sleepiness. A number of individuals complain of mood disturbances and cognitive difficulties such as irritability, mild anxiety and depression; they may also complain of poor memory and concentration, and difficulty performing complex mental tasks. Because of the irritability and fatigue that is associated with insomnia, interpersonal difficulties may result; on the other hand, interpersonal difficulties may be the cause of insomnia. Insomnia may result in restriction of daytime activities, such as work, exercise and social events. This lack of regular daytime activity may in turn contribute to insomnia. In addition to these, insomnia may exacerbate symptomatology of co-morbid disease, and may herald the onset of mood disturbances (Schutte-Rodin et al., 2008). 2.5 Measurements used to asses Insomnia 2.5.1 The Insomnia Severity Index The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item questionnaire that provides a global measure of an individual’s perceived insomnia severity based on the following indicators: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and early morning awakenings; satisfaction with sleep; degree of impairment with daytime functioning; degree to which impairments are noticeable; and distress or concern with insomnia. Each item is rated on a 5 point Likert scale, and the total score ranges from 0-28. The ISI has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It has proven to be sensitive to therapeutic changes in several treatment studies of insomnia. This instrument can be used to evaluate the initial severity of insomnia, as well as the clinical significance of improvements achieved during the treatment of insomnia (Edinger Carney, n.d.) 2.6 Treatment of Insomnia 2.6.1 Pharmacological Treatment

Julius Caesar - Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

Julius Caesar As A Tragic Hero In Julius Caesar William Shakespeare illustrated Caesar as a tragic hero by showing that he was a noble man of high rank, by showing that he was a historical figure with a tragic flaw which lead to his downfall, and by showing that Caesar accepted his fate of death & achieved honor and respect in his death. There is a contradiction between who the main tragic hero of Julius Caesar is. Can there possibly be 2 main tragic heroes in one book? If Julius Caesar wasn’t the main tragic hero of the book then why is the book named after him? Shakespeare illustrated Caesar as a tragic hero by showing that he was a noble man of high rank. Every Roman followed his leadership and Caesar also defeated the great Pompey. First of all, At the Feast of Lupercal Caesar manipulated the commoners and made himself look noble to the commoners. Casca said, "Why there was a crown offered to him;...people fell a-shouting" (I,ii,221-223). Next, To show how noble and great Caesar was, the Romans would stand along the street sides to watch him pass by. "Madam not yet, I go to take my stand; /To see him pass on to the Capitol," said the soothsayer (II,iv,25-26). Finally, Caesar had the greatest rank possible as he would have been crowned king if it wasn’t for the conspiracy’s plot. As Casca said, "Indeed they say senators tomorrow; /Mean to establish Caesar as king..." (I,iii,87-88). Shakespeare illustrated Caesar as a tragic hero by showing that he was a historical figure with a tragic flaw which lead to his death. Julius Caesar took over most of the Roman Empire and his events are very important to history. First, Julius Caesar is very historical because if he wasn’t then, we would not be talking about him today. As Cassius ironically said, "...How many ages hence /Shall this our lofty scene be acted over in states unborn..." (III,i,112-113). Secondly, Every tragic hero has a tragic flaw that leads them to their death and one of Julius Caesar’s flaw was arrogance. As Caesar himself said, "But I am constant as Northern Star.../There is no fellow in the firmament" (III,i,60-62). Finally, Caesar made a big mistake which lead him to his downfall when he didn’t take the soothsayer’s warning. Again this was the fact that Caesar was arrogant. The soothsayer said warning Caesar, "Beware of ides of March" (I, ii,23) then Caesar replied that the soothsayer was a fake, and to dismiss him. Julius Caesar - Tragic Hero :: essays research papers Julius Caesar As A Tragic Hero In Julius Caesar William Shakespeare illustrated Caesar as a tragic hero by showing that he was a noble man of high rank, by showing that he was a historical figure with a tragic flaw which lead to his downfall, and by showing that Caesar accepted his fate of death & achieved honor and respect in his death. There is a contradiction between who the main tragic hero of Julius Caesar is. Can there possibly be 2 main tragic heroes in one book? If Julius Caesar wasn’t the main tragic hero of the book then why is the book named after him? Shakespeare illustrated Caesar as a tragic hero by showing that he was a noble man of high rank. Every Roman followed his leadership and Caesar also defeated the great Pompey. First of all, At the Feast of Lupercal Caesar manipulated the commoners and made himself look noble to the commoners. Casca said, "Why there was a crown offered to him;...people fell a-shouting" (I,ii,221-223). Next, To show how noble and great Caesar was, the Romans would stand along the street sides to watch him pass by. "Madam not yet, I go to take my stand; /To see him pass on to the Capitol," said the soothsayer (II,iv,25-26). Finally, Caesar had the greatest rank possible as he would have been crowned king if it wasn’t for the conspiracy’s plot. As Casca said, "Indeed they say senators tomorrow; /Mean to establish Caesar as king..." (I,iii,87-88). Shakespeare illustrated Caesar as a tragic hero by showing that he was a historical figure with a tragic flaw which lead to his death. Julius Caesar took over most of the Roman Empire and his events are very important to history. First, Julius Caesar is very historical because if he wasn’t then, we would not be talking about him today. As Cassius ironically said, "...How many ages hence /Shall this our lofty scene be acted over in states unborn..." (III,i,112-113). Secondly, Every tragic hero has a tragic flaw that leads them to their death and one of Julius Caesar’s flaw was arrogance. As Caesar himself said, "But I am constant as Northern Star.../There is no fellow in the firmament" (III,i,60-62). Finally, Caesar made a big mistake which lead him to his downfall when he didn’t take the soothsayer’s warning. Again this was the fact that Caesar was arrogant. The soothsayer said warning Caesar, "Beware of ides of March" (I, ii,23) then Caesar replied that the soothsayer was a fake, and to dismiss him.

When to bail out

Even the proponents of free economy accept some form of regulatory intervention on organizations that become mighty powerful. The regulatory authorities have a right to intervene, if the market forces are giving unfair advantages such as monopoly or pollution. Commercial banks can become mighty powerful and at the same be very fragile. Even flourishing capital markets have not undermined the importance of commercial banking. Commercial banks are a widely used tool to stimulate the economy through loans that stimulate consumption and investment. Therefore, in essence the health of the banking sector is directly related to the health of an economy. Liquidity risk is inherent to commercial banking because the depositors can come and claim their deposits at anytime. A mismatch of time to maturity of advances and deposits can create severe problems. For instance, a wave of panic-stricken withdrawals can essentially bankrupt a bank in no time. This can trigger systematic risk and leave the entire economy shaken. The banks need to monitor their asset liability management statistics because any mismanagement can lead to bank runs or cash shortages. For these problems, central banks require of commercial banks to insure their deposits and provide them with liquidity support. By providing liquidity support central banks regulate the money market and injecting cash in the economy when demanded. These solutions in effect lead to other problems. For example, in insured deposits, depositors stop monitoring a bank’s performance and the banks increase their risk appetite by increasing lending. To address this issue the central bank requires banks to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio, and regulate insurance premiums to be proportional to the risk of a bank’s lending. However, recent stats suggest that capital adequacy is not a safe determinant to monitor banking sector. Commercial banks start to over rely on central bank’s liquidity support and tend to lend high premium loans to institutions with lower credit ratings. Even if such lending results in volatility in the money market such variations are small compared to the bank’s capital. Central bank needs to be proactive rather than be reactive because the public cost of economic instability and high interest rates is too high. Even the Basel II addresses risk capital framework but does not address provisioning for funding. The emphasis should be on liquidity rather than on solvency alone. Therefore, commercial banks need to be scrutinized through stricter prudential regulations.