Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Henrik Ibsen The Father of Modernism in Theatre Essay

Henrik Ibsen: The Father of Modernism in Theatre Rank, deadly pessimistic, a disease, evil to be deprecated (Bordman and Hischak 1). Who would have thought such words would be used to describe the work of the man who swept modernism into theatre? Henrik Ibsen’s life was not one to envy. The shame the surrounded his childhood and seeped into his adulthood greatly impacted his writing. Infusing his plays with highly controversial themes, which lacked the current sunny air of Victorian values which Europe held in such a high regard, which led him to make a lasting impact on theatre. However despite the depression and poverty that surrounded Ibsen’s life, as well as having his work often dubbed pessimistic and unwanted, he left an every†¦show more content†¦During Ibsens life him home land of Norway was rejoicing after gaining independence from Sweden, and therefore being allowed to have a separate monarchy. This time of celebration influenced Ibsen’s writi ngs, filling his works with a great sense of nationalism (Powers 1). Nineteenth century Europe was dominated by Victorian values, something all of Ibsen’s work clearly went against. Victorian values bubbled down to proper families and sexual restraint. Ibsen’s plays were full of cheating couples and illegitimate children, not exactly material considered welcome in theatre at the time (Bordman and Hischak 1). Henrik Ibsen published several plays that were highly recognized, sometimes for the level of disgust they caused, and sometimes for their sheer brilliance. One of Ibsen’s better known works, An Enemy of the People, not only bashed Victorian right views but liberal views in showing how one person can stand against society. The Wild Duck, known as one of Ibsen’s most prominent works, highlights on affairs, clearly steeping against Victorian values. Whereas his Peer Gynt is not only disturbing realistic, but also explores folk lore and the unconscious . These plays, among Ibsen’s work greatly stirred the emotions of their audiences. Many found Ibsen’s plays disgusting, immoral and dreary. Not only did Ibsen’s plays clearly contradict Victorian values, but they forced people to question everyday norms. Audiences tended to think of theatreShow MoreRelatedHerik Ibsen: Father of Modern Drama1459 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Shivany Condor Mrs. Besnard IB English HL2 21 November 2013 Henrik Ibsen as â€Å"The Father of Modern Drama† Henrik Ibsen has long been referred to as the Father of Modern Drama, and such title has rightly been given so. Mr. Ibsen was one of the pioneer theatre dramaturges that began the Modernism Movement, primarily known as the Realism Movement. Modernism/Realism was a revolutionary idea back in Ibsen s time. Many concepts of theater - including plots, dialogue, and characters – were renovatedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House2479 Words   |  10 PagesDoll s House is a play by Henrik Ibsen. Ibsen is Norwegian playwright, and Ibsen was born in 1828 in Skien, a town in the Norway. Also, Henrik Ibsen is a famous Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet, and Henrik Ibsen is often considered as â€Å"the father† of modern theater and one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre. In this play, Ibsen makes many hints about the roles of society and how the female gender was treated at the time. From this play, Ibsen believed about the roles ofRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House899 Words   |  4 PagesAcclaimed as one of the principal playwrights that gave birth to modernism in theatre, Norwegian playwright and theatre director Henrik Ibsen pushed boundaries with his plays that analyzed and criticized societal norms and values. A Doll’s House provides one such example, where the play’s protagonist Nora leaves her husband in the final scene to undertake a spiritual journey of self-discovery. An alternative ending was made for this play posthumously as a result of the controversy it caused at theRead MoreA Doll’S House. By Henrik Ibsen. Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906),974 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House By Henrik Ibsen Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), Norway’s major playwright and poet during the 19th century, was a pioneer of Western modernism (Wikipedia). His plays founded the realist school of Western theatre and some literary critics even consider him as â€Å"the father of realism† or refer to the rise of â€Å"Ibsenism† (iii) when discussing his work. A Doll’s House (1879) is one of the most influential plays in European literature because it created a new, realist style of staging plays, movingRead MoreMajor Influences Shaping Theatre Practice Today2101 Words   |  9 Pagesinfluences shaping theatre practice today? Throughout theatre history performances have changed to become more than the mere spectacles for audience to go and mindlessly observe, there have been many different factors effecting this change either through environmental, political or economic circumstances which has resulted in theatre becoming more meaningful whilst providing a wide range of genres. However in this essay I will be discussing the importance of feminism in modern theatre through the beginningRead MoreContrast Between Ancient Greek Theatre â€Å"Antigone† and Modern Russian Theatre in â€Å"the Cherry Orchard†.1695 Words   |  7 PagesContrast between Ancient Greek Theatre â€Å"Antigone† and Modern Russian Theatre in â€Å"The Cherry Orchard†. Theatre which is a main source of entertainment has made various stories in her womb regarding theatres in all over the world like African, Yoruba theatre, Asian Theatre, Middle-East Theatre and Western Theatre like Greek Theatres and Modern Russian Theatre. First of all, Greek theatre seems to have its roots in religious celebration that incorporated song and dance. Like this Greek theater shadowedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 Pagesfind that his anxieties were inexorable. It was during the inter-war years that Pinter was born on 10th October 1930 to a Jewish couple, Hyman Pinter and Frances Pinter at Hackney, East London. A working class, Jewish tailor by profession, Pinter’s father worked terribly hard to make ends meet and raise his family. The cosmopolitan nature of Hackney with its working class people, factory and a lot of railway yards was the milieu in which Pinter spent his initial childhood years till the outbreak of Read MoreExploration Notes- as Level Drama and Theatre Studies- Metamorphosis and a Dolls House4285 Words   |  18 Pagesand learn the skill of tailoring like his father had done. During his stay, he was given the book â€Å"Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka. When he read this, he could instantly make connections between himself and Gregor. After this, he went back to the East End and started writing plays. Unlike his fellow playwrights John Osbourne and Edward Bond, he believed drama should still be abstract. Berkoff was influenced by Greek theatre; he was a â€Å"Megalomaniac of theatre styles† who loved over exaggeration and

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Compare and Contrast Religion during Reformation,...

The periods during the Reformation, Industrial Revolution, and the World at War all experienced religious and church conflicts. During the Renaissance and Reformation (1330 – 1650), the fundamental practices of the church came under fire. The church at this time was the largest and most political body. The pope, himself, was the most recognizable political figure. It was due to this authority that the church and its pope were more interested in political issues and less with the spiritual needs of the people (McGraw-Hill, p. 76). Many of the Roman Catholic Church’s high priests had bought their way into position and had very little religious experience. Often the only members of the community that were literate were the clergy thus†¦show more content†¦Prior to the industrial revolution, social values centered on being thrifty, focus of saving, and staying out of debt. Afterwards, consumption was the norm (http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/p/pwhmds/indrev.ht ml). The concept of instant gratification became reinforced. As a result, the church and its teachings became less important along with their long term salvation. Factory workers worked in excess of 60 hours per week and included all members of the family. They worked for little wages and the conditions were harsh. As people turned to the church, little encouragement or support was provided. The church became passive in their members struggles. It did not encourage them to stand up for themselves. Instead the church favored the newly rich members and left the factory workers abandoned. This is in such contrast to the Reformation and Revolution period in which the church controlled all parts of one’s life. New scientific ideas also put religion and the beliefs of church doctrines in turmoil. As humanism during the Reformation and Revolution period brought into question predestination and salvation, science brought into question the literal words of the Bible. Darwinâ€℠¢s concept of natural selection brought into question the entire belief of Creationism and the existence of one great God. His philosophy could not grasp the concept of predestination much as Humanism movement did during the Reformation andShow MoreRelatedAge of Enlightenment and Century5169 Words   |  21 Pagesintellectual and cultural tradition? 2. 81: Compare the ways in which two works of art reproduced below express the artistic, philosophical and cultural values of their times. (Pictures of Michelangelo s David and Giacometti s Man Pointing 1947). 3. 82: Compare and contrast the cultural values of the Enlightenment with those of the sixteenth century Northern Renaissance. 4. 84: Compare and contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human natureRead MoreInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 Pages1. Q) Compare and contrast the influence of science and religion in the development of humanity. Discuss both the positive and the negative. A) The systematic testing of observations, and the belief of something larger than ourselves, have been part of the human experience since time began. Both science and religion have influenced human thought and civilization. When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanationsRead MoreThe Differences and Similarities of the Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe2119 Words   |  9 Pagesreally stuck out and peaked my interest the most. They were the Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. If you compare and contrast both the Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe during the 16th Century through the 18th Century, you will see that there are a number of similarities as well as differences when you look at the expansion of the states. You will also see many of these contrasts as well when you look in terms of each states military and commerce. Although the Ottoman Empire existed beforeRead MoreThe Essential Questions5521 Words   |  23 Pagesreversal of the original Renaissance spirit. Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance with the Mediterranean Renaissance? In some areas the Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. While Italy and Germany were dominated by independent city-states, parts of central and western Europe began emerging as nation-states. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and externalRead MoreLiberal Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagesdepending on their understanding of the principles of liberty and equal rights, but most liberals support such fundamental ideas as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights, capitalism, free trade, and the freedom of religion. These ideas are widely accepted, even by political groups that do not openly profess a liberal ideological orientation. Liberalism encompasses several intellectual trends and traditions, but the dominant variants are classical liberalism, whichRead MoreStudy Guide9234 Words   |  37 Pagesthat no one is in total control of his or her own fate. It can also be seen as magnificent because it gives us insight into how the world really works. 3. What is a social institution and how does it relate to social identity? Choose a sports team or another social institution to illustrate your answer. Sample answer: Social institutions include the family, religion, education, the economy, the government, and even sports. The goal of a social institution is to meet the basic social needs. TheRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesKirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface....................................

Monday, December 9, 2019

Making Money in Manufacturing free essay sample

This paper evaluates the manufacturing process used by most organizations. This paper examines in depth how manufacturing organizations in the United States are not as profitable as can be, by looking at management, integration human factors, technology and facility available to achieve near perfection. The paper debates along with the authors of the book, ?The Goal? by Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt and Jeff Fox, the different approaches to making profit, by increasing throughput through sales while reducing the inventory and the operational cost of the organization. The paper uses the Toyota Company as an example of these ideas. Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Methods and Discussion: Bottlenecks and non-bottlenecks resources Inventory Batch Size and the importance of setting a batch size Operational expenses Conclusion Bibliography In the book, The Goal by Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt and Jeff Fox, evaluate the manufacturing process used by most organizations. According to the authors, manufacturing processes followed by the west and most developed countries are flawed. We will write a custom essay sample on Making Money in Manufacturing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These flaws can be eliminated from the process by implementing specific operating practices. The goal for any organization is making money, and experts in the field propose different ways of approaching it. Making money, according to Dr. Goldratt, is simple: increase throughput through sales while reducing the inventory and the operational cost of the organization. No individual can identify and analyze all the factors affecting a manufacturing organization alone.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Modern Technology Role in Effective Business Communication

As it would be observed, communication is an integral part of human life. This simply refers to the process or act of passing information from one party to another through various interactive ways. As a matter of fact, nothing in this world can successfully be accomplished without effective communication between the parties involved. The power to communicate gives people the ability to exchange information and be able to understand each other. In this regard, communication plays a crucial role in our daily lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Technology Role in Effective Business Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effective business communication is the basis upon which the reputation and credibility of any business are placed, and for that reason, it is essential for the success of organizations. In order to survive and prosper in modern competitive business environment, organizations should always maintain good relationships with their clients and stakeholders through effective communication. There are numerous communication methods that are applicable in today’s business environment. However, businesses should settle for the most appropriate methods that would eventually ensure them to successfully achieve their business goals and objectives. This paper examines the use of modern technology as an appropriate method of communication in today’s business environment. Nothing fulfills an obligation better than doing it in the most appropriate way. The current human generation lives in an era of rampant technological advancements where things change very fast, as a result of innovations in technology. Everything in life, including the way we communicate with each other, has completely changed due to the impact of modern technology. Computers and other modern technologies have significantly changed the way people interact in business settings. For instance, t he social media together with electronic mail have become increasingly popular mediums of business communication. Nowadays, people spend more time exchanging ideas and information over popular social networking sites, such as, Facebook and Twitter, or among other common interactive platforms. These World Wide Web-based portals have proved to be appropriate ways through which people could pass and receive important information in a secure and convenient manner. With the advance of the mobile phone sector, the use of modern technology for effective business communication has just taken another course. People do not need computers in order to go online, since various interactive Web-based portals are now easily accessible through the applications of a Smartphone, where we can freely interact with colleagues, business associates, and close family members. The global use of Smartphone is observed to have grown substantially in the last few years. This, however, is a clear indication of t he kind of attitude and confidence which the global populations have on the gadgets, which are not only reliable communication devices, but also convenient instruments of Web-based interaction.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As it is evident in this paper, modern technology offers a convenient basis upon which important information between key business units could be exchanged. In that respect, businesses should see modern technology as the most appropriate method of communication in today’s business environment, considering the great potential offered by the technological advancements. This essay on Modern Technology Role in Effective Business Communication was written and submitted by user PaperDoll to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

My Cousins Wedding Essay Example

My Cousins Wedding Essay Example My Cousins Wedding Paper My Cousins Wedding Paper Cousin Feet Story This past summer, I was invited to my wedding in India. I was very excited and happy for her that she was getting married during the time I was visiting my parents. She was twenty-seven years old and her future husband was 28 years old. The wedding was 2 days long. The first day was the wedding ceremony and the last day was the wedding reception. Today I will be telling you a story of a traditional Indian Wedding. My mom was screaming at the top of her lungs, like always, ask UT]o, shady pee Joana hail?C,-. ?0, which means she was telling us all to wake up, and that e all have a wedding to got to! I scrammed out of my bed and ran to get my outfit and hurried into the shower. My outfit was a sky, blue gown (a. K. A length) that ran past my feet, and with a veil that was taller than I was; 5 foot 3 and ?,?%. I finished getting ready, hoping that I have to wait in the 1 50 degree weather! But guess what? I DID! I yelled off of my lungs, tine garage (which means that It Is very hot here) out loud. My mother yelled at me and I was told to shut up. So we all got ready and ran Into my Safari and cranked up the alarm conditioner. Of course, my dad loves being green, so he shut off the alarm intentioned and turned down window. He fresh alarm of said my dad laughing as my my and my hair got ruined from the breeze. Yeah dad we just love the hot air and the sand being thrown in our yelled my sister. So we reached the wedding. It had a very long name but since I read Indian language I gave up in trying to figure out what the heck the plaza was called. I saw my cousin from afar waving to me in her beautiful red, burgundy, wedding dress which was similar to mine but since It was red that meant she was getting married. (If you have a red gown on, that means that you are either already married or you are getting aired. Another color represent anything special. ) She was tall and beautiful and looked so nervous, it was funny! Her husband was very tall; Just Like her. He was walling for her In the a holy place where you give your vows. He was not allowed to see the bride until they were facing each other; which happen until the end The priest read some holy stories that took, for me, forever. He told the couple to go around the ring of the fire 4 times. After that, the husband put a pure gold necklace with black beads around the bride and they were now known as husband and wife. It was so exciting that my other ND I started clapping so hard that our hands started to ache. After the ceremony was over, the (when the bride is leaving her family; going into a whole deferent family which waits for her arrival) was leaving. All of us started to cry from the fact that my cousin was leaving to her new home. Out of everyone the one who cried the most was the mother; surprisingly! Now, I will be telling you a little bit of the wedding reception. The couple was slating at their seats on the stage. My family started walking In and everyone was told that whoever wants to take a picture with the couple can go an take It now. I ran across ten anal Ana went to get my picture taken TLS so I have to wait in the crazy line! This time my cousin (the bride) was wearing a dark pink gown (a. K. A length) and looked so beautiful! We all danced and had a merry time. Everyone danced next to the wide stereos so the music would be blasting at their ears so they have to hear again in there whole life. After all it was a great wedding. This is my story about my wedding. This was the first time that I have ever been to a traditional Indian Wedding in India! Shari (This means Thank You)

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Grimms Fairy Tales and Other Versions

Grimms Fairy Tales and Other Versions The subject of fairy tales is a fascinating one, particularly Grimms fairy tales. Many of the most popular fairy tales of today developed centuries ago and have evolved over time into stories for children. Thanks to a number of research projects and the resulting online and print resources, we now have the opportunity to learn more. Why were Grimms fairy tales so grim? Are many of todays fairy tales pale imitations of the originals? How many different versions of such popular fairy tales as Cinderella and Snow White are there? How have these stories changed, and how have they remained the same, as they have been interpreted in different cultures and countries? Where can you find information on fairy tales for children from around the world? If this is a subject that interests you, here are some sites that should appeal to you: The Brothers Grimm An article about Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in National Geographic makes the point that the brothers did not set out to create a childrens collection of fairy tales. Instead, they set out to preserve Germanys oral tradition by collecting stories told to them, in other words, folklore. Not until several editions of their collection were published did the brothers realize that children were to be a major audience. According to the article, Once the Brothers Grimm sighted this new public, they set about refining and softening their tales, which had originated centuries earlier as earthy peasant fare. Some of the most well-known fairy tales can be found in Grimms Fairy Tales, as the English-language version was called. You may have already shared many of them with your child and have several books of fairy tales first found in Grimms Fairy Tales. These include Cinderella, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, Hansel and Gretel, and Rapunzel. For more information about the brothers and the stories they collected, visit: Grimm Brothers Home Page:  Scroll down the sites table of contents. Youll find it provides a chronology of the brothers lives, information on their major publications, and links to articles, electronic texts, and studies of some of their stories.Grimms Fairy Tales:  Here you will find online versions, text only, of about 90 fairy tales. The Story of Cinderella The story of Cinderella has generated hundreds, some say thousands, of versions around the world.  The Cinderella Project is a text and image archives drawn from the deGrummond Childrens Literature Research collection at the University of Southern Mississippi. The dozen versions of the tale that are online come from the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Michael N. Salda serves as the editor of the project. If you are interested in more research, check out the following sites: The Cinderella Bibliography:  This site, from Russell Peck, a professor in the Department of English at the University of Rochester, provides a great deal of information about online resources, modern adaptations, basic European texts, and much more.Cinderella Stories:  The Childrens Literature Web Guide at the University of Calgary provides information on Internet resources, reference books, and articles, as well as a bibliography of childrens books.If you are looking for recommended fairy tale books for your child, you will find the resources helpful in the Fairy Tales section of About.com Childrens Books. Are there versions of Grimms and other fairy tales that you and/or your children have particularly enjoyed? Share your recommendations by posting a message on the About Childrens Books Forum.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Value and Risk Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Value and Risk Management - Article Example The company would be required to present before the attendees of this workshop with the bits of details about the project, such as the budget, pre-requisites, aims and the likes of it. This will help the attendees to understand the following arguments and requirements for the success of the project in a much better and elaborated manner. While the site for the same is yet to be decided, taking a peep at the various factors that might, in effect, make for the success of this project will help understand the project better. The project is targeted, apart from enhancing its regional presence, to make it easier for the customers and clients to approach the company. The project is focused at incorporating some of the important features like tour facilities for the prospective clients, giving a peek view into the kind of services and technology employed by the company. Secondly, the headquarters would provide office accommodation to over 12 staff members, recruiting the same for management and administrative purposes. Thirdly, it will also have an inbuilt workshop for the hi-tech light manufacturing processes, which will have another of 15 or more staff members recruited under head. While the foundations of the project do aim at solving the purpose behind the formulation of regional head quarters, it is essential here to examine a few factors that might help enhance the project and its establishment even better. The project has been allotted a set amount of funds. For the project to succeed, while the deadline is important, it is also of value for the project to remain within the boundaries of the set budget. In order to do the same, scoping of the whole project comes in handy, and that is what we will be doing here, as a part of the value management service. It needs to be seen if the project being offered by the company will in truth be able to come to terms with the reasons being cited for the project. Secondly, it also needs to be ascertained, if there are ample resources that can make the project successful in terms of requirements. To do the same, there is a "Job Plan" that will exploit various aspects involved in the project that are required to be referenced when discussing the project in general. Job Plan Dividing the whole process of value management to identify the strengths or weaknesses of the project will help the reader gain a better grounding of the whole scenario. Further, in this pre stage, the company managers would be required to understand, identify and explain to all involved the importance of the project, along with the aims that the project is trying to achieve. With detailed information and analysis, the people involved will be able to get a brief idea of the way project is to proceed, hence, enhancing the general output by those involved in the project. The Job Plan can be divided into four main stages - information gathering, alternative generation, evaluation and conclusion. Information Gathering In this first step, the need to identify all the requirements for the project will be looked into. Before beginning with the project, the company would be required to identify a location or site, keeping in mind the budget for the project. Once the site for the headquarters is identified, the next process of building the project would begin. This next process would

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Research Paper for English 102 (Violence and How can you solve it)

For English 102 (Violence and How can you solve it) - Research Paper Example Interpersonal violence is shown by such violence that would involve persons who are related such as by blood or in marriage and persons that are not related but who closely interact. Violence is however shown to have been a common feature within human societies all through though the nature would differ from a generation to another and from social set-up to another. Over the ages, various tools for solving conflicts have been devised and applied with a motive of resolving the cause of the conflict. Moreover, the tools are meant for establishing mechanisms of restoring healthy relationship between the conflicting parties. Though there may lack universally accepted tools to resolve particular types of violence, many of the tolls in application has substantial effects on solving the conflicts and thus, multi-disciplinary approach is what is often taken. It is noted that the effectiveness of any tool adopted for stopping violence and seeking amicable solution may depend on the nature of the violence, the cause(s) as well as the parties involved. Though violence has been shown to be multifaceted in causes, there lacks a universal approach in resolving conflicts. Literature from past studies show that resolution to particular violence often adopt similar or same tools for resolution. However, the outcome of applying common tools for resolving violence that is not related or has not common cause may not provide the intended results. The main challenge in resolving violence is therefore the capacity to rightfully choosing a tool that would lead to the anticipated results. There lacks a criterion through which the available tools of conflict resolution would be pre-tested prior to application in resolving a conflict and hence, adoption of such tools often take the trial and error method with no certainty of the outcome. As revealed by the problem statement, there may lack standard set criteria of selecting

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Tears of the Tiger Essay Example for Free

Tears of the Tiger Essay In Sharon Draper’s novel Tears of a Tiger various character deal with a particular challenge or obstacle. Andy Jackson face conflicts with other individuals, their societies, and themselves. Andy conflict with his father shows through out the story and is consistent. Mr.Jackson pressures Andy way too much which leads to arguments between them. â€Å"You seem to be doin’ a fine job of dreamin’ my dreams and planning my future. Maybe I don’t wanna be accepted to white folks† (Andy Page 153). Mr.Jackson pressures Andy a lot with school and keeping his grades up, so Andy can get into college and work in business administration. Andy does not want to do that with his life, it’s not his dream but his father’s dream for him. Mr.Jackson want Andy to have a bright future but does not consider his son feeling or what he wants to do with his future. Andy and Mr. Jackson arguments come from exception his father has for him. Racism in this story plays a pretty big role, Andy puts up with his teachers being racist and also with society. Mr.Jackson tells Andy how society works â€Å" But you must, That’s the only way to make it in this world to assimilate into the society in which we live in that’s why you must pull up your grades and improve your attitude.† Mr.Jackson tells Andy that he must work hard in life to be accepted by white people. He said that how society works. Andy does not like what his father is saying to him because it doesn’t bother him that black people are unimportant to white people. Andy feels white people look down on like his teachers do. Depression is a really consistent conflicts that Andy tries to deal with but struggles with it. Andy’s depression takes over him, he could not control it anymore because he couldn’t get over the death of Rob. In Andy’s Poem he tell how he really feels inside. â€Å" it’s dark where I am and cannot find the light. There are shadows all around me and my heart is full of fright†. The poem shows the state of mind in which he’s in. He feel that he has no one. The aloneness comes from him losing his best friend. Andy can’t think straight because he is so depression he doesn’t know what to do anymore he think he has no one to talk to be he does not realise that so many people are trying to him throught thing but Andy just doesn’t see it . The Depression is what makes Andy struggle with life.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Exposing Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

In 2012 it was reported that over five million children were abused and neglected in the United States. More than five children die each day as a result of abuse and neglect. (Prevent Child Abuse America). There are many factors that cause child abuse and neglect. The parent factor states that parents who have been abused physically, sexually, or emotionally or were neglected, as children will do the same to their children. Stress plays a major role in the parent factor. Overly stressed parents often take their frustrations out on their children. Alcohol and drug abuse also play a major role in the parent factor. Another factor is the child factor. It states that some children are more vulnerable to abuse or neglect than others from parents or guardians due to their age, size, emotional stability, as well as their social development. A third factor is the family factor states that the situations that occur in the family can increase the likelihood of child abuse and neglect. That was the case with young Dave from the above passage. Because his mother no longer got the attention she needed from his father she began to take out her anger and frustrations on him. Finally, the environmental factor states abuse and neglect is often caused by a combination of the previous three factors (U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources). When dealing with the issue of child abuse and neglect several questions are often raised: when does disciplining a child turn into child abuse, what happens to these children that survive the abuse and neglect, and is there a solution to stopping child abuse?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whenever the issue of child abuse and neglect is raised, the statement is often made that I have the right to discipline my child however I see fit. Parents often feel that disciplining their children is a right that they have. My mother would often tell me, â€Å"I brought you into this world and I sure will take you out.† Now days the government tells the children that if their parent or guardian put their hands on them the children have the right to call the police on the parents. This leads to the question when is it okay and how do I discipline my child? Children should only be disciplined to let them know that their actions or behavior in a certain situation was not acceptable. There are many ways to discipline a child. One way is to put the child in time out wh... ... of abuse has made you pay. I never knew how you felt; Your self-esteem so low. I only knew you crept away, And never let your feelings show. I never knew what I could do; That I could help somehow. That all you needed was a friend; Just someone to be your pal. But now I know that I can help; I can make a difference, too. I’ll shout with you, and All the rest can’t say, â€Å"I never knew.† (Pelzer 175). Child abuse and neglect is greatly affecting the lives of young children. It is a dangerous epidemic that seems to be growing by the day. Work Cited Landau, Elaine. Child Abuse: An American Epidemic. New Jersey: Silver Burdett Press, Inc. 1984 Prevent Child Abuse America. Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics. 2014. http://www.menweb.org/throop/abuse/studies/child-ma.html Pelzer, Dave. A Child Called â€Å"It†. California: Health Communications, Inc. 1995. U.S. Department of Heath and Human Resources. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2014 http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/focus-areas/child-abuse-neglect Walker, C. Eugene, Bonner, Barbara L., and Kaufman, Keith L. The Physically and Sexually Abused Child Evaluation and Treatment. New York: Pergamon Books, Inc. 1988.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Role Of Women In Sustainable Forest Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the past twosome of decennaries most development plans have come to the decision that peoples ‘ engagement is important for their success. Forestry plans have followed the same general way. In Nepal, it is realized that forests status and country were decreased chiefly in 1980s due to quickly increasing population force per unit area ( Adhikari 2001 ) . Therefore, authorities establishments and INGO ‘s took induction for affecting local people, particularly adult females in the direction of the wood. Several surveies have shown that adult females are the primary users of forest resources in many developing states. Nepal is non an exclusion. Harmonizing to ( Lamichhane 2004 ) , the survey of adult females ‘s position in Nepal indicates: Sixty six per centum of clip of the adult females is being spent in fuel wood aggregation. Ninety five per centum of the fuel energy in the mountain part of Nepal comes from the fuel wood. Womans and misss collect 87 % of the entire fuel wood. Looking at the state of affairs, authorities of Nepal has included the issue in the development program from eight five twelvemonth program ( 1992-1997 ) . Ninth five twelvemonth program ( 1997-2002 ) states that, â€Å" As adult females are chiefly involved in aggregation of lumber, firewood, fresh fish, workss, carnal bedclothes and so on, necessary agreements will be made to include them compulsory in the forest users commissions † . Thus, theoretically adult females ‘s engagement in forestry plans considered of import from the eight five twelvemonth program and encouraged them for engagement in assorted forestry plans of authorities though adult females have some restraints to make so ( Chaudhary 2000 ) . The undermentioned state of affairs is still confronting by adult females in pattern. Womans are constrained by society to come from their houses. If it is so so starts negative remarks and none of the household member supports them. Womans are discouraged and did non elect in determination devising organic structure. If they elected so they would be for formality either or to demo the giver bureaus. Still, in many societies adult females are avoided from the contact with the aliens because they are diffident. Their hubbies do non wish their contact with other males. Womans are considered forest destroyers alternatively of defenders. Women ‘s commission can non work without support of males and are non working good due to their credibleness and household supports. Forest resource direction in Nepal is based on the people ‘s engagement and determination of the user ‘s group. Women are the cardinal wood users and their engagement in the sustainable direction reveals the success of the direction patterns. Therefore adult females ‘s engagement and engagement is most so. But the social scene in Nepal has great influence on adult females ‘s engagement. Besides these restraints, community forestry plan tried to authorise the adult females ‘s position through engagement in Nepal in someway when it emerged during 1980s ( Giri, Pokhrel et Al. 2008 ) . In this paper it is tried to analyse the followerss: Obstacles on specifying adult females ‘s engagement in determination devising in community forestry Policies and programs to increase the decisive functions of adult females in community forestryObstacles on specifying adult females ‘s engagement in determination devising in community forestry in NepalNepali societies are multicultural, complex and have hierarchal system which includes different caste groups, economic categories, and societal rankings within people. These fluctuations distinguished the upper and lower caste system, gender biased division in societal activities, etc. Therefore, there is ever the being of discriminatory nature in the society over the usage and control of the resources. Basically these obstructions besides have threatened the vulnerable groups and adult females in take parting in the community forestry procedure ( Timsina 2002 ) . However in recent context, many adult females are involved in community forestry plans after awareness plans of NGOs and authorities though they are dominated by work forces and are bewildered by deficiency of specific functions and supports. Chiefly, the adult females are non attracted to community forestry plans as outlook of the authorities and NGOs because of the factors:Irrelevant of the plans to the demands of adult females:Community forestry plans planted pine which is useless for adult females instead it added more work to them. Similarly, community wood is restricted for fresh fish and firewood aggregations, which send them far for aggregation of such points. Some community forest user groups are more financess oriented because they have to use watchers for forest protection. In this state of affairs, adult females can non roll up grass fresh fish and firewood instead commission gross revenues such points yearly. This makes adult females disinterested to community forestry.R estriction to adult females ‘s engagement in formal organisations:Womans are busy people of the household who can non pull off clip for meetings, which offers nil to them. They have to be busy most of the clip within family ; cookery, eating, kid lovingness, utensils rinse, cleansing, H2O fetching and animate being lovingness. These are their chief duties which do non let them to travel out go toing meetings and so on. Community forestry plans were begun as formal organisations because it was developed signifier of Panchayat Forest ( local authorities unit ) where adult females are far from formal organisations in Nepal.Lack of attending and support given to adult females by undertaking, contrivers, and authorities functionaries:Women ‘s engagement is still weak in forestry due to the undermentioned grounds: Illiteracy, low position in society, deficiency of cognition about the plans, they are hesitating to go involved in public work, deficiency of support of their male household members, non self assurance, unsure about their uncertainnesss and so on. In most of the forest users group the high and average degree population are largely involved in the commission instead than the lower category, adult females and marginalized groups which have bulk users of the resources ( Timsina 2002 ) . Figure 1 illustrates the findings of a gender analysis survey in community woods of Ramechhap and Dolakha territory in Nepal. The figure clearly illustrates the gender biased functions in every sector of authorities, community and family. As we discussed earlier that adult females ‘s engagement in community forestry are defined by different societal and cultural barriers that the society clasp. The society has its inferior position towards adult females sing the determination doing procedure from family to community forestry though they spend most of the clip in it. Though adult females try to come across these barriers with their ain attempts and abilities, their engagement is non wining due to the male dominancy and determination over the resource usage. Hence adult females ‘s engagement in determination devising procedure is still in the creep phase in the sustainable resource direction in most of the developing states particularly Nepal.Women ‘s EngagementNFUG C ommittee Members– Policy 50 % of all commission should be adult females In world merely 2-3 members merelyCommunity ForestryTake about no decisions- varies with ethnicity Have no control on assets Have no entree as per regulations made by work forces Maximal impact on her day-to-day work burdenHousehold ImpactCaste, place in household and support from hubby will act upon grade of engagement Time restraint due to duplicate burden- ‘inside ‘ and ‘outside ‘ undertakingsFUG Formation ProcessNo specific scheme to approach/ involve adult females though recommended in Re-orientation Participate in labour for determinations taken by work forces Equally knowing but non consultedTraining PlansWomen ever really few, if any Mobility restraint Poor attitudinal & A ; practical support from work forces Illiteracy in all adult females ‘s group Rarely invited for proficient preparationForest ForcesCultural/attitude prejudice towards adult females ‘s capableness Constraints on communicating with adult females About all determinations take by work forces ( Undertaking and Community ) Womans more antiphonal to adult females Texas rangers Neither functionaries nor adult females take the enterpriseAgro ForestryAbout all interactions between undertaking staff ( all work forces except one ) and hubby as caput of family. Largely fulfills labor/care of baby's room Can non command assets as land non in her name Beginning: ( DRCFDP 1995 ) Fig 1: Women ‘s engagement in Different Activities Although we discussed about the obstructions, the adult females ‘s inclusiveness in the community forestry has besides been observed in some facet. The empowerment attack in WID recognized the adult females ‘s ternary function ( production, reproduction and community ) that seeks to run into the strategic gender demands. It indirectly through the grass roots mobilisation of practical gender demands support to seek the strategic gender demands. It explicitly focus the demand of power to adult females for bettering the place ( Moser 1989 ) . In Nepal adult females ‘s engagement in community forestry, organizing and take parting in forest users ‘ group is increasing. They are concentrating their active engagement and functions in widening the constructions and determination devising procedure ( Giri and Darnhofer 2010 ) . The community forest user groups define the managerial facet of the forest resources. Thus adult females ‘s engagement in these groups helps them to raise the voice in their practical and strategic gender demands which create a mechanism for carry throughing them ( Giri 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Adhikari ( 2001 ) , Nepali adult females in cragged part drama effectual function in the forest direction. The subsistence life schemes lead the increase of diverseness of adult females ‘s function in resource direction. In the same manner, authorities plans and NGO ‘s have taken adult females as primary group and encouraged their engagement in decisive organic structure of forestry plans. They focus on: Women ‘s engagement is critical in re-greening of the state. Womans will be benefited from their engagement in forestry plans because they are the chief users of the wood. Womans are the lone lasting dwellers of the country. As we are discoursing about some positive facet of adult females ‘s inclusivity in resource direction, it is besides of import to discourse the typology of their engagement. In most of the instances adult females ‘s engagement are inactive in nature. Their engagement is chiefly pretended under which they can be manipulated. Similarly their engagement is functional chiefly targeted to the accomplishment of undertaking end ( Agarwal 2001 ) .Policies and programs to increase the decisive functions of adult females in community forestryThe conventional theory on development did non place the nucleus function of adult females in sustainable resource direction. Therefore, a response alteration in environmental policy, planning and plan is required to take a firm stand that adult females are the active stakeholders in resource direction ( Armitage and Hyma 1997 ) . Womans are the 1 who largely carry tonss of firewood, branchlets, little lumber, fresh fish, leaf-litter, non lumber forest merchandise and so on from the woods. The adult females are besides responsible for taking H2O. They are non merely responsible for aggregation of such points for place usage but besides affecting selling. The adult females are left at place in most of the developing states therefore they are still responsible for the addendum and direction of natural resource for domestic usage when their hubbies go to seek for chances in markets. Due to the state of affairs, most of the development bureaus have been recommending on the issue of Women in Environmental Development ( WED ) since the last 30 old ages on the issue of adult females in H2O, land and wood. Harmonizing to ( Regmi 2007 ) , community based resource direction is a cardinal rule to authorise the adult females ‘s position in community forestry. Armitage and Hyma ( 1997 ) besides pointed that community based participatory attack to adult females is required for development. The community based resource direction procedure on the footing of Women ‘s Empowerment Framework is intended to the policy shapers, contrivers and development militant to analyze the extend of support required for the adult females ‘s authorization ( Mosedale 2005 ) . The empowerment procedure can be improved through the alteration or alteration in the community forestry procedure that could include the marginalized community and adult females in the determination devising procedures. The policy degree agents such authorities functionaries, community stakeholders, facilitators should be given developing to plan the plans so that more marginalized people and adult females could be included ( Nightingale 2002 ) . ( Acharya and Gentle 2006 ) in their on the job paper illustrate the authorising procedure on the footing of their three twelvemonth undertaking in Nepal on Strengthening the Role of Women and Civil Society in Democracy and Governance ( SAMARPAN ) . Figure 2 illustrate the procedure, which shows that authorization, inclusiveness should be started from the base of the plan. The protagonism, preparation, literacy categories, measuring internal administration capacity defines the base for the inclusion of adult females and marginalized people in the determination devising procedure which subsequently on contribute to the peace development, struggle direction, sustainable resource direction and poorness decrease. This plan was based on the Rights Based Approach ( RBA ) which focuses on recognizing the vulnerable, marginalized groups, adult females about the human rights. Besides the rights, this attack besides encourages to carry through their duties among the groups. Sustainable Resource Management Governance & A ; Consencus edifice Poverty Decrease Inclusion of adult females and fringy community in the determination devising procedures Appraisal of internal administration capacity Community degree protagonism and adult females empowerment preparation Advocacy literacy categories Participatory, transparent and inclusive standards to choose local facilitators and preparation participants Practice of public audit and hearing in undertaking activities Empowering and participatory acquisition stuffs Fig 2: Procedure of authorization ( Adapted and modified from Acharya & A ; Gentle, 2006 )DecisionFrom the above treatment it is clear that adult females are the chief users of wood merchandises though their engagement in the wood direction is really weak. Since 1970s, development plans and bureaus have been working in the sector of adult females ‘s authorization recognizing the necessity of adult females ‘s engagement in development plans though their engagement is non as outlook. Forestry direction sector is non an exclusion. Merely approximately 10 % of the community woods have been managing by adult females groups in Nepal today. As people attitude is being altering from the past it is possible to authorise the adult females and marginalized groups in the hereafter. The socio-cultural position is the barriers for limited and inactive engagement in the community forestry sector in Nepal. The projected orientated activities of the giver and other organisations do non really work out the adult females ‘s position in the society instead they felt inferior themselves. Hence the attacks of equal engagement in every sector including the community forestry should be developed. This proviso could assist to make strong adult females ‘s commission and aid in the income coevals activities.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Daimler Chrystler

Mergers and acquisitions take place to realize the synergies between the two or more companies. Why do you think the Daimler- Chrysler merger failed to realize the synergies that were expected from the merger? If mergers and acquisitions take place to realize the synergies between the two or more companies then Daimler- Chrysler were heading for failure from the beginning itself. The merger was not just between the companies but between two drastically opposite cultural bodies. While Germany was characterized as a society that lays importance to success, money and material possessions and that which feels threatened by ambiguity, the American culture is characterized as individualistic, where people value having a high opportunity for earnings and getting recognition they deserve for a good job. They do not feel threatened by uncertainty. The merger between these two companies was followed by an agreement to let each of their cultures and practices prevail and to manage the new found entity Daimler Chrysler in that manner. The companies failed to address their differences and caused a sense of uncertainty in the minds of employees from both companies. While the Germans think through each and every step involved in decision making and implementation and the Americans lacked the urgency to build that sense of security for themselves. Lack of open communication, corporate cultural clash, inadequate planning, a laid back leadership bench at Chrysler, differences in leadership and management styles and over all organization culture gave room for doubts about their ability to make the merger work. The merger seemed more like an empire building exercise by Juergen Schrempp. Daimler did not look into the facts and figures and draw a map for the future of thenew found company and to a certain extent this ambiguity created havoc. Daimler and Chrysler were each strong players in their market but failed to diffuse their differences and create a company that had the potential to compete for a far bigger market share. Q2. Many a cross cultural merger has failed because proper attention was not given to the difference in cultures between the two companies. What issues must be addressed to make a cross- cultural merger a success? There are plenty of examples of how mergers and acquisitions failed in the past. Roughly two thirds of big mergers lose value at the stock market. All motivations that lead to the merger prove false once the process is done and any cost benefit from the premium paid will become evident as overestimated. Having said that, a cross cultural merger would have that much lesser chance to survive and reap profits compared to the similar culture mergers. Apart from miscalculations about economies of scale and revenues, the company has to deal with the cultural aspect that will affect the business day in and day out. To make any cross cultural merger a success there has to be an audit of the characteristics and cultures of the two companies. Unless an audit is done, one would be uncertain of how different or how similar the companies are; the level of compatibility will be unknown. Any planning done without this vital information will only lead to the way to disaster as in the case of Daimler-Chrysler. A deal that makes financial and cultural sense is the only deal that will stand the test of times and reap benefits of the merger. Moreover, a strong leadership bench is absolutely important. It is the people who take decisions that make or break a company. For example, the mergers between Daimler and Chrysler wouldnot have taken such drastic shape if Chrysler had a competent and strong leadership bench. Daimler had intentions of taking over Chrysler from the very beginning of negotiations but Chryslers management was not able to hold their position and did not do enough due diligence to ensure the motivation behind the merger was mutual. Even after the merger, the change in leadership at Chrysler gave way for Daimler to dominate and turn things around for themselves. Lastly, the employees of both companies should assimilate cultures and working patterns such that there is no shock later. Training and planning and implementation of the plan have to be carried out. The merger process must be carried out together by both the companies. Q3. Very often companies involved in a merger claim it to be a merger of equals but this is not the case always . The Daimler-Chrysler deal was never expected to be a merger of equals . Comment . The manner in which the dealings in Daimler-Chrysler merger have been carried out is clear evidence that this merger was never meant to be among equals. Daimler obviously did not have any intentions to work hand in hand with Chrysler. The comments made by Juergen Schremppare evidence that he had hidden the real motivation to have initiated the merger process. The dealings that followed- no concrete plan of integrating Chrysler and Daimler, the change in organization structure in Chrysler, the losses that Chrysler incurred, the loss of employment at Chrysler etc shows that Daimler saw Chrysler as the reason for loss. Had this been a merger of equals, there would have been proper measures to smoothen out the process of integration and ensure the communication was open. Daimler-Chrysler would have had chalked a plan for the integration process and assimilated their management style. Moreover there would have been a management team who would look into implementing the merger process ensuring that events that occurred at Chrysler would not have occurred- (Loss of leaders, appoint of Daimlers executive as Chryslers head of management, no presence of Chrysler inthe supervisory board of management, Chrysler reduced to an operating division, Chrysler sailing division called for retrenchment). Daimler had intended to use Chrysler for it facilities and never intended to make it a partner in decision making and growth plans. Most importantly what is the motivation behind the merger or acquisition is what decides the fate of that merger. In this case, it was clearly not a case of mergers between equals. Daimler- Chrysler did not use its resources to create synergies and one of the companies had to end up being absorbed into the other.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Natural Blends Inc Essays

Natural Blends Inc Essays Natural Blends Inc Essay Natural Blends Inc Essay NATURAL BLENDS Inc Here we have 3 processes to consider, the Extraction, Filtration and Concentration. Extraction has a maximum capacity of 20,000 lbs/hr Filtration has a maximum capacity of 20,000 lbs/hr Concentration has a maximum capacity of 18,000 lbs/hr For Extraction we have a setup time of 20 minutes. For Filtration we have a setup time of 30 minutes after 90 minutes of filtration. For Concentration there is no setup time loss. The processes are simultaneous in nature, and there is no buffer in between. So, if there is a shutdown of a single process, the entire system shuts down. Now, if we do consider a 2 hour time slot, then there will be effectively production for 1 and ? hours due to filtration setup time: For Extraction: The maximum production is 30,000 lbs. For Filtration: The maximum production is 30,000 lbs. For Concentration: The maximum production is 27,000 lbs. So the bottle neck operation is the Concentration process and the production rate will be 13,500 lbs/hour. A cycle is completed in 2hrs. PART A Assumption: We are considering that since oranges are of same type the bin will be changed after 3 and ? rs of production. The bin will be changed when the Filtration process will be stopped to change filter. Hence, saving valuable time. 1a. Amount of orange production possible in 1 day (8 Hrs) =13500*8=108000 lbs There is a loss of utilization time of 30 mins (due to filtration process) per 2 hours of the whole system. 1b. The idle time for the extraction process in a day would be = (1/2)*4= 2 hours We see that there is a bottle neck condition in th e Concentration process, so we will install a storage capacity in between Filtration and Concentration. a. We will add storage tank between step 3 and step 4. The capacity of tank will be 3000 lbs. 2b. If we add storage tank between step 2 and step 3, then The maximum production of Extraction process is 20,000lbs/hr. The maximum production of Filtration is also 20,000lbs/hr. But Filtration works for only 90 min. So effective production rate is =20,000*1. 5 =30,000lbs for 2 hrs i. e. 15,000/hr considering a cycle of 2 hrs the maximum production of Extraction is 40,000 lbs and that of Filtration is 30,000. Thus a tank of capacity 5,000lbs can be added between them. But adding tank between Extraction and Filtration will not increase the daily production. When a storage tank is added between Filtration and Concentration, Now for 2 hours slot, we see that there is a processing deficit of 3000(30,000-27,000) lbs. So we install storage of capacity 3000lbs. This will increase the daily production. Daily production= 30,0004= 120,000 lbs Thus there is increase of 12,000lbs/day after adding a storage tank. 3a. Additional fixtures of $20,000 for Filtration process and $10,000 for Extraction should be done to maximize the output. 3b. As discussed in question 2a and 2b the capacity of storage tank, which can be added between Filtration and Concentration should be 3,000lbs. The cost of construction of tank is given as $30/lbs. Hence the total cost for construction of storage tank will be 30 x 3000= $90,000, and the production will increase to 120,000 lbs/day. When additional fixtures are added in Filtration and Extraction process the setup time will reduce by 50% i. . the setup time for Extraction will be 10 min and that for Filtration will be 15 min. So our 2 hour cycle will be reduced to 1 hr 45min cycle. So an additional 1 hr will be available for production. Now number cycle per day will increase to= 8/1. 75= 4. 57 cycles per day. The production in one cycle will be same i. e. 27,000lbs. Hence the daily production will increase to 27,000 x 4. 57= 123,390 lbs The cost of improvement will be $20,000 for Filtration and $10,000 for extraction. Hence total cost will be $30,000. PART B Assumption: Since the amount of different sizes of oranges processed should be equal in a week and each size should be processed at least once per day, we can consider the following schedule; DAY0-2hrs2-4 hrs4-6 hrs6-8 hrs 1BAAC 2C BBA 3A CCB 4BCCA 5CBBA 6ACCB Where A, B and C represents large, medium and small oranges respectively, such that A=B=C 4a. The setup change in Extraction will happen for three times. 4b. As seen in the above schedule the setup is changed for 3 times. 4c. The quantity of oranges of particular size which will be processed before switching to other size will be 54,000 pounds. The maximum time same size of oranges will be processed is 4 hrs. The production for 2hr cycle is 27,000lbs, hence the maximum quantity is 54,000lbs. 4d. The total amount of juice concentrate processed is 108,000 lbs. as the production for 1 cycle of 2 hrs is 27,000lbs and there are 4 such cycles hence total production will be 108,000 lbs Submitted by:- Joydeep Mukherjee Rejo Matthew Tushar Deshmukh Vinay Panwar

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Understanding Deliverance Dane

Understanding Deliverance Dane Deliverance Dane Facts Known for:  accused witch in the 1692  Salem witch trials  Occupation:  homemakerAge at time of Salem witch trials:  40 years oldDates:  January 15, 1652 – June 15, 1735Also known as Deliverance Hazeldine Dane; Dane was also spelled Dean or Deane, Hazeltine sometimes spelled Haseltine or Haseltine Family, Background: Mother: Ann or Anna – probably Wood or Langley (1620 – 1684) Father: Robert Hazeltine (1609 – 1674) Siblings: Anna Kimball (1640 – 1688), Mercy Kimball (1642 – 1708), David Hazeltine (1644 – 1717), Mary Hazeltine (1646 – 1647), Abraham Hazeltine (1648 – 1711), Elizabeth Hazeltine (1652 – 1654), Robert Hazeltine (1657 – 1729), Gershom Hazeltine (1660 – 1711) Husband: Nathaniel Dane (1645 – 1725), son of Rev. Francis Dane and brother of two accused witches, Abigail Faulker Sr. and Elizabeth Johnson Sr. Husband’s siblings: Hannah Dane (1636 – 1642), Albert Dane (1636 – 1642), Mary Clark Dane Chandler (1638 – 1679, 7 children, 5 alive in 1692), Elizabeth Dane Johnson (1641 – 1722), Francis Dane (1642 – before 1656), Albert Dane (1645 - ?), Hannah Dane Goodhue (1648 – 1712), Phebe Dane Robinson (1650 – 1726), Abigail Dane Faulkner (1652 – 1730) Children: Nathaniel Dane, 1674 - 1674Francis Dane, 1678 – 1679Hannah Dane Osgood, 1679 – 1734, married to Samuel Osgood, son of John Osgood (1691 – 1693); Mary Osgood was Hannah’s mother-in-law, married to John OsgoodDaniel Dane, 1684 - 1754Mary Allen(?), 1686 - 1772Hannah Osgood, 1686 - 1734Deliverance Foster, 1693 - 1754Abigail Carleton, born 1698 – 1775 Deliverance Dane Before the Salem Witch Trials Married in 1672 to Nathaniel Dane, son of Andover’s local Puritan minister, Deliverance Dane had married into a powerful family.   Her father was from Devon, England, and her mother had been born in Rowley, Massachusetts Province.   Deliverance was the third-eldest of their nine children. By 1692, Deliverance and Nathaniel Dane already had five children, with another conceived in mid-year before the witchcraft accusations seriously hit the family. Deliverance’s father-in-law had some years before opposed a witchcraft trial.   He was critical of the Salem Village proceedings, as well. Andover was located generally to the northwest of Salem Village. Because she was probably caught up in the accusations because of her family connections, this article highlights those close family members accused as well, to illustrate the timeline better. Deliverance Dane and the Salem Witch Trials Although Elizabeth Johnson had been mentioned in a January deposition by Mercy Lewis, nothing had come of that. (Whether that was Nathaniel’s sister Elizabeth Dane Johnson or his niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., is not clear.) But by August, Elizabeth Johnson Jr. had been accused and was examined  on August 10. She confessed, implicating others.   On August 11, another of Nathaniel’s sisters, Abigail Faulkner, Sr., was arrested and accused.   On August 25, Mary Bridges Jr. of Andover was examined, accused of afflicting Martha Sprague and Rose Foster.   On the 29th of that month, Elizabeth Johnson Jr.’s siblings, Abigail (11) and Stephen (14) were arrested, as was Elizabeth Johnson Sr. and her daughter Abigail Johnson (11). Both of Deliverance’s sisters-in-law, Abigail Faulkner Sr. and Elizabeth Johnson Sr., were examined on August 30. They confessed, Elizabeth at least implicating others, including her sister and her son. On August 31, Rebecca Eames  was examined for the second time, and her confession included accusations against Abigail Faulkner.   Stephen Johnson then confessed on September 1, saying he had afflicted Martha Sprague, Mary Lacy, and Rose Foster. Deliverance Dane Accused Around   September 8: Deliverance Dane, according to a petition issued after the end of the trials, was first accused when two of the afflicted girls were called to Andover to determine the cause of sickness of both Joseph Ballard and his wife. Others were blindfolded, their hands laid on the â€Å"afflicted persons,† and when the afflicted persons fell into fits, the group was seized and taken to Salem. The group included Mary Osgood, Martha Tyler, Deliverance Dane, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson and Hannah Tyler. Some were, the later petition said, persuaded to confess what they were suggested to confess.   Afterward, over their shock at arrest, they renounced their confessions.   They were reminded that Samuel Wardwell had confessed and then renounced his confession and was therefore condemned and executed; the petition states that they were frightened that they would be next to meet that fate. Deliverance Dane confessed under examining. She said that she had been working with Mrs. Osgood. She implicated her father-in-law, Rev. Francis Dane, but he was never arrested.   Most of the records of her arrest and examinations have been lost. On September 16, Abigail Faulkner Jr. (9) was accused and arrested and examined along with her sister Dorothy (12).   According to the record, they implicated their mother, stating that â€Å"thire mother apared and mayd them witches and also marth [a] Tyler Johanah Tyler: and Sarih Willson and Joseph draper all acknowlidge that they ware lead into that dradfull sin of witchcrift by hir meanse.† Abigail Faulkner Sr. was among those tried and convicted by the court on September 17, condemned to be executed.   Her sentence was suspended, however, until she could complete her pregnancy. But by the end of September, the trials had almost completely run their course.   There would be no more executions.   Now, some of those in jail and not convicted could be released – if their costs were paid for the time they’d been in jail, and a bond to ensure that they’d return if the trials resumed. Deliverance Dane After the Trials: What Happened to Deliverance Dane? We don’t know when she was released – records related to Deliverance Dane are quite spotty.   There is no indication of her release date nor the conditions under which she was released, though she may not have been indicted. Deliverance’s husband Nathaniel Dane and a neighbor, John Osgood, paid 500 pounds on October 6 to gain the release of Dorothy Faulkner and Abigail Faulkner Jr. Three other adults paid 500 pounds that day to release Stephen Johnson and Abigail Johnson along with Sarah Carrier.   On October 15, Mary Bridges Jr. was able to gain release when John Osgood and Mary’s father John Bridges paid a 500-pound bond. In December, Abigail Faulkner, Sr., petitioned the governor for clemency. Her husband’s illness had worsened, and she pleaded her case that she needed to care for the children. He arranged for her release from prison. On January 2, the Rev. Francis Dane wrote to fellow ministers that, knowing the people of Andover where he served as a senior minister, I believe many innocent persons have been accused and imprisoned. He denounced the use of spectral evidence. A similar missive signed by 41 men and 12 women of Andover was sent to the Salem court. In January, Elizabeth Johnson Jr. was among those found not guilty in a Superior Court trial of those who had been indicted in September. Another undated petition to the Salem Court of Assize, probably from January, is on record from more than 50 Andover â€Å"neighbors† on behalf of Mary Osgood, Eunice Fry, Deliverance Dane, Sarah Wilson Sr. and Abigail Barker, stating faith in their integrity and piety, and making clear that they were innocent. The petition protested the way that many had been persuaded to confess under pressure what they were charged with and stated that no neighbors had any reason to suspect that the charges might be true. John Osgood and John Bridges got Mary Bridges Sr. released on January 12 with a 100-pound bond. In 1693, Deliverance Dane appears again in the record.   On February 20 Deliverance Dane gave birth to a baby girl also named (appropriately) Deliverance – the mother was to go on to have one more child about five years later.   And also in 1693, there is on file a petition by Nathaniel Dane, asking the sheriff, clerk and jail keeper for an accounting of the â€Å"prison fees and money and provision necessarily Expended† for his wife, Deliverance Dane, and his manservant (not named). In 1700, Deliverance’s niece Abigail Faulkner Jr. asked the Massachusetts General Court to reverse her conviction. In 1703, residents of Andover, Salem Village, and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Esty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth Howe and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor, and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   Francis and Abigail Faulkner, Nathaniel Dane (Deliverance’s husband) and Francis Dane (presumably her father-in-law) were among those signing the petition. Another petition was filed that year on behalf of Deliverance Dane, Martha Osgood, Martha Tyler, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson and Hannah Tyler, who had been arrested together. May 1709: Francis Faulkner joined with Philip English and others to submit yet another petition on behalf of themselves and their relatives, to the Governor and the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay Province, asking for reconsideration and remuneration. In 1711, the  legislature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay  restored all rights to many of those who had been accused in the 1692 witch trials. Included were George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and  Martha Corey,  Rebecca Nurse,  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How,  Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker,  Martha Carrier, Abigail Faulkner, Anne Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury and Dorcas Hoar. Deliverance Dane lived until 1735. Motives Deliverance Dane may have been caught up in the accusations because of her close association with both witchcraft skeptic Rev. Francis Dane, and her sister-in-law, Abigail Faulkner Sr., who controlled more wealth and property than women usually did because of her husband’s large inheritance and illness that prevented him from managing it. Deliverance Dane in  The Crucible Deliverance Dane and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem witch trials, The Crucible. Deliverance Dane in  Salem, 2014 series Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in the Salem TV series. Deliverance Dane in Other Fiction In a 2009 novel by Katherine Howe, The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane, Deliverance Dane is depicted as an actual witch.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Law School Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law School Personal Statement - Essay Example Boredom never struck me in those days as I was ardently listening my professor's lectures. Almost all the words he spoke were bits of very useful information and wisdom in my ears. Having the chance to read formal casebooks, I further studied controversial and popular legal cases. I also read books that teach techniques on how to settle disputes and to win negotiations. I also learned how to defend my future clients by applying what my instructors thought me. At this time, I felt that there was no holding back; I had to enrol in a prestigious law school or suffer a lifetime full of regret and sorrow. However, as in any pursuits in life, trials nearly doomed my envisioned vocation. While attending my undergraduate studies, I have faced numerous obstacles and challenges. In 2004, my aunt and ten-year-old cousin died unexpectedly. In 2005, I lost a close friend due to skin cancer. Also in that same year misfortune further struck as my uncle died a heart attack. A few months later, my father was severely injured while attempting to fix a machine at his work, leaving him partially disabled. All of these incidents profoundly affected my life. They impaired my focus and enthusiasm not only in my personal but also in my academic life, causing me to nearly give up and forget about my ambition. Yet after days of meditation and reflection, I realized that these events happened to me with a reason: to become emotionally and spiritually matured, a very vital quality of a successful lawyer. I said to myself in those times, I would never let these corrupt my future and discourage me from reaching my dream. This optimistic thought pushed me to regain my focus in school. Thanks to these trials I became wiser in handling school and personal affairs. I have learned how to use them on my advantage by motivating me to move further instead of pushing me to hold back. My renewed passion has driven me to improve my focus and to work harder to become a promising lawyer. With regards to my employment and community experiences, I actively engaged in activities that I think would improve my competency in the legal sphere. I worked as a trombone instructor for two different high school band camps during the summers of 2004 and 2005. I experienced giving trombone lessons to high school, middle school, and elementary students since 2004. Through this job, I had refined my teaching, leadership, and other interpersonal skills. Managing events and establishing a healthy working relationship with administrators were the significant skills that I acquired while working as a graduation Marshall on Ohio University in 2004 and 2005. I also volunteered for community service for added personal experience. Though the sorority Tau Beta Sigma, I volunteered to spend time with residents at a nursing home for a day. I also participated in preparing and serving food for the poor and the homeless through Good Works. In addition, through Good Works, I was able to remodel rooms to shelter these unfortunate homeless people. These were all memorable experiences that I really cherished. I enjoyed spending time with the nursing home residents and helping the homeless. I enjoy giving my time volunteering myself to help the community, knowing that I can learn invaluable lessons from these experiences that

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Statistical techniques in engineering Management Essay

Statistical techniques in engineering Management - Essay Example (d) Since central limit theorem uses a sample of the population that is chosen at random it will not affect the location and the spread of the data. The data will follow the same normal distribution curve as the entire population. The mean, median and mode will be the same or approximately the same as that of the entire population. (b) Fixation indices- is the description of the expected level of heterozygosity in a given data. It is used to determine or measure the correlation between data drawn from different levels of a subdivided entire set of data. (c) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)- is set of statistical models and the procedures entailed, in which the variance in one variable is subdivided to different sources of variations. It is commonly used to test average of different groups of set of data. Because if the process inputs are correct and accurate, if the method of calculating and analyzing are correct the process output will be accurate or near accurate. If you concentrate on a process output the inputs might not be correct and even with the correct analysis the the output is bound to be wrong and therefore misleading. (a) Primary Data-this kind of data is collected specifically with its objective in mind. It was collected for a specific purpose. An example is data collected from staff or clients in form of questionnaires or data collected from the variation of a product in a manufacturing process. (b) Secondary data- is data that was collected for a specific purpose but now it is being reused for another different method. For example using questionnaires and initial analysis to calculate the viability of something new or use of initial set of variations results of a product to predict the likelihood of it occurring

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Benefits to Bailing Out the Big 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits to Bailing Out the Big 3 - Essay Example Sure, these companies will be subject to certain conditions when borrowing federal money; however, it is no different if they were to borrow from a bank. Banks also like to see what the borrowed money will be used for, and in some instances, they like to see an entire plan drafted up before letting the money go. Lenders like to see that the one they are lending to has a purpose for borrowing from them, and the borrower is subject to those terms until the loan is paid off. While numerous individuals put a lot of effort into disputing why helping these three companies with their losses is not a good idea, there are a number of reasons why the bail out of these three companies makes great sense for the American people. First of all, we must look at how long these three companies have been in business, as well as the history behind these companies. Ford has been in business since 1903, when it was first founded by Henry Ford, Sr. The first car manufactured by the ford family, known as the Model T, was ready to deliver to the public in 1925. This company was the first to put the first car on the road, as well as the first to make cars available to the masses. Ford made sure just about anyone could afford to have a car, as they did whatever possible to cater to those of the middle class. Not to mention, Ford is big on human rights and providing jobs to the jobless, and their priority has always been to make sure that everyone working for them receives fair wages, as they were the first to enact a five dollar a day policy. Ford has been proven to make a large impact on America, even today. Ford has always done business in this fashion since their very beginning, as they have always been all about the people (NPR), (Ford Motor Company). Then, there is General Motors, a company that has been around almost just as long as Ford. General Motors is the manufacturer of some of the most popular cars, such as the Cadillac, the Pontiac, and the Hummer, a car that a lot of people try to get their hands on to drive in ultimate luxury ("Merchandise," General Motors). General Motors was founded in 1908 by William C. Durant, and has now become the world's largest manufacturer of cars. Though General Motors has had a rocky history-the company sinking into debt after doing well for two years, Durant resigning from his company in 1920 to later file for personal bankruptcy, a violent sit-down strike in Flint Michigan by hourly workers in the year 1937, another strike occurring for one hundred and thirteen days between 1945 and 1946, being convicted of conspiracy in 1949, losing more than $750,000,000 in 1980 due to the drop in sales on cars and trucks, and another strike that occurred in 1998 that almost shut down all of General Mot or's production in North America-they have accomplished a great deal. Some of the accomplishments of General Motors was that a Cadillac was made with the first electric self starter in history, General Motors accounted for twelve percent of the car market in the United States, they expanded to working overseas, first starting in Britain and Germany between 1925 to 1929, their market shares rose to 41% in 1941, were the first to manufacture cars with air conditioning,, and they have gone as far as to selling cars in

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on Insomnia

Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on Insomnia CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Introduction Insomnia is a major health concern particularly when individuals develop dependency and problematic withdrawal symptoms related to conventional prescription drugs. Approximately 27% of the adult male population and 31% of the adult female population in South Africa suffer from insomnia (Strangers et al., 2012). Insomnia disorder is characterized by one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning waking, and non-refreshing sleep (South African Association of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). Current conventional treatment for insomnia includes psychological and drug therapies. Conventional medication for insomnia is limited and has its drawbacks (Moch, 2011). While continued research and development is ongoing to broaden the clinical evidence on the use of homeopathic remedies in the treatment of insomnia to further establish its benefits, current information suggests that the effect of individualised homeopathic treatment has not been researc hed to date in females with insomnia disorder. Aim of the Study The aim of this study was to determine the effect of individualised homeopathic treatment on insomnia disorder in females using detailed case studies and the Insomnia Severity Index. Null Hypothesis It is anticipated that the individualised homeopathic remedy will not be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females. Hypothesis It is anticipated that the individualised homeopathic remedy will be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females. Importance of the Problem CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sleep Sleep can be defined as a state of reversible unconsciousness in which the brain becomes less responsive to external stimuli (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Although the amount of sleep a person needs varies, most individuals need an average of six to eight hours of sleep a night in order to feel refreshed (Attele et al., 2000). Numerous physiological processes are regulated during sleep and therefore it is a universal need that is essential for well-being (Moch, 2011). 2.2 The Physiology of Sleep Normal sleep is divided into two distinctive states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which can be differentiated by an electroencephalogram (EEG) (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Normal sleep begins with NREM sleep and progresses through deeper NREM stages, before the first episode of REM sleep occurs about 80 to 100 minutes later. Thereafter, a sleep cycle, which is the alternation of periods of NREM and REM sleep, lasts approximately 90 minutes and recurs 3 to 7 times per night. NREM sleep is more prominent and deeper than REM sleep during the first half of the night; NREM constitutes the main sleep activity. NREM sleep is shallow during the second half of the night, and the proportion of REM sleep gradually increases during each subsequent sleep cycle (Carlstedt, 2010). Figure 2.1 shows EEG graphs of these sleep stages. 2.2.1 NREM Sleep NREM sleep appears as wakefulness-maintaining mechanisms decline. NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages (Lee-Chiong, 2006): Stage 1: an individual first enters stage 1. The EEG is difficult to distinguish from the waking EEG of a drowsy person, theta wave activity occurs, and heart rate and muscle tension begin to decrease. During this early stage of sleep an occasional muscle jerk, usually of an arm or leg, referred to as myoclonus may be experienced. This experience is often accompanied by a brief visual image, such as tripping or falling (Freberg, 2009). Stage 2: after 10 to 15 minutes in stage 1, the individual enters stage 2 NREM sleep. The EEG shows sleep spindles and K-complexes, which reflect the brain’s effort to maintain sleep while monitoring the external environment. Heart rate and muscle tension further reduce. During this stage the individual is able to sleep through familiar stimuli, but wakes in response to unfamiliar stimuli (Freberg, 2009). Stage 3 and 4: after approximately 15 minutes in stage 2, the individual enters stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, also referred to as slow-wave sleep. In both stages, the EEG shows delta wave activity, however, stage 3 differs from stage 4 in the sense that a greater proportion of stage 4 consists of delta waves. During these stages heart rate, blood pressure and core temperature are at their lowest levels. Awakening the individual during these stages is difficult and disorientating (Freberg, 2009). 2.2.2 REM Sleep REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because while the EEG resembles the waking EEG, it is accompanied by reduced skeletal muscle tone of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, except in the eye where rapid eye movements (saccadic eye movements) occur. These saccadic eye movements are small, fast, jerky movements, which bring the eye from one visual fixation point to another and may be associated with watching the visual images of dreams (Sanoop et al., 2012). Despite the apparently alert EEG it is more difficult to awaken an individual from REM sleep than it is to awaken them from slow-wave sleep. In addition, there is an increase in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate, as well as increased blood flow to the genitals. Control of core temperature is poor during this state of sleep (Wagner Silber, 2004). During REM sleep the EEG becomes desynchronised and low voltage fast activity is seen, PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) spikes also appear, which is characteristic o f REM sleep (Sanoop et al., 2012). SLEEP STAGES ON AN EEG Figure 2.1 Different Stages of Sleep as seen on an EEG (Source: J. A. Horne. (1998). Why We Sleep: The Functions of Sleep in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford Uni. Press, England) 2.3 The Function of Sleep There are 3 theories accredited to the function of sleep: Energy conservation theory: according to this theory, energy expenditure that has occurred during waking hours recovers during sleep (OrthoApnea, 2012). Two mechanisms explain how sleep is able to conserve energy. First, sleep reduces energy expenditure by indirectly reducing activity; this mechanism is also active when individuals are awake, but inactive. Secondly, sleep reduces energy expenditure below that achieved by quiet wakefulness by causing a change in physiology (Kryger et al., 2011). Findings that endothermic mammals, including humans, reduce their core temperature and metabolic rate during sleep to support the waking demands support this theory (Kothare Kotagal, 2011). Restorative theory: this theory suggests that the function of sleep is to restore physiological and biochemical processes that have been depleted during waking hours. Indirect evidence supports this presumption: There is an increased release of growth hormone by the pituitary gland following sleep onset Endogenous anabolic steroids are released during specific stages of sleep There is an increased rate of bone growth, as well as increased mitosis of lymphocytes during sleep During sleep, genes involved in brain protein synthesis, myelin formation, synaptic vesicle turnover, lipid metabolism, and membrane maintenance are unregulated (Kothare Kotagal, 2011). Learning and memory theory: this theory proposes that sleep is necessary for brain plasticity, which is essential in the processes of learning and memory. Several studies have shown that sleep improves learning and memory without task repetition, which suggests that information processing and long-term memory consolidation are enhanced during sleep (Kothare Kotagal, 2011). 2.4 Insomnia 2.4.1 Definition and Description of Insomnia Insomnia is defined as the inability to obtain an adequate duration or quality of sleep (National Sleep Foundation, n.d.). It is characterized by one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning waking, and non-refreshing sleep (South African Association of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). Insomnia occurs despite an adequate time and opportunity for sleep and results in impairment in daytime functioning (World Health Organisation, 2009). 2.4.2 Incidence, Epidemiology and Demographics of Insomnia Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and the second most common overall complaint reported in primary healthcare settings (Attarian, 2004), with approximately 30% of the general adult population in South Africa occasionally suffering from insomnia. Insomnia is present in around 50% of individuals treated in a clinical setting and about 10% of these individuals suffer from persistent insomnia. Although insomnia affects individuals of almost every demographic, complaints of insomnia increase with age, and women are more affected than men (Truter, 2008). 2.4.3 Insomnia in Females Epidemiological studies comparing the prevalence of insomnia between the genders all report a higher prevalence amongst females. Studies have shown that there is an increased prevalence of insomnia amongst younger females, even in adolescent girls, compared to their age-matched male counterparts. One of the most common perimenopausal symptoms in women aged between 35 and 55 is insomnia (Grewal Doghramji, 2010). Biological differences in sex hormones may contribute to the gender difference in insomnia. For some women, insomnia may arise secondary to menstrual symptoms e.g. headaches, bloating, cramping and breast tenderness. Sleep disturbances during menstrual periods are associated with alterations in progesterone, prolactin and melatonin levels. Melatonin modulation by sex hormones may cause dysregulation of sleep-wake mechanisms (Soares, 2005). Insomnia occurs in approximately half of all menopausal women and may be directly associated with the presence of hot flushes. Nocturnal hot flushes may cause repeated awakenings throughout the night. Menopausal women experiencing hot flushes report more frequent awakenings, inefficient sleep, and poor quality sleep, compared with those who do not experience hot flushes. Temperature-regulating and sleep-regulating centers in the brain may be disturbed by changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian hormone levels that occur during menopause, resulting in hot flushes and insomnia (Soares, 2005). In addition, increased levels of psychological distress have also been postulated as potential contributors to insomnia in women; including social changes, stress associated with the â€Å"empty nest† syndrome, nursing aging parents or family members, separation from life partners due to divorce or death (Soares, 2005). 2.4.4 Classification of Insomnia Insomnia may be situational (acute), persistent, or recurrent. Situational insomnia lasts for a few days up to a few weeks and is usually caused by life events or rapid changes in environment or sleep schedules. Once the precipitating event subsides, the insomnia usually resolves. In some individuals, insomnia may persist for a long period of time after the initiating event, possibly due to conditioning and heightened arousal; conditioned arousal may then persist and lead to persistent insomnia. However, in some individuals, insomnia may have an insidious onset where no identifiable cause can be found. Insomnia may also be episodic, with recurrent episodes of sleep difficulties occurring during stressful events (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). According to the DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition), insomnia disorder is classified as: A predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one (or more) of the following symptoms: difficulty initiating sleep; difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings; and/or early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioural, or other important areas of functioning. The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per week. The sleep difficulty is present for at least 3 months. The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep. The insomnia is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep-wake disorder (e.g., narcolepsy, a breathing-related sleep disorder, a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, a parasomnia). The insomnia is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication). Coexisting mental disorders and medical conditions do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of insomnia (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). 2.4.5 Signs and Symptoms of Insomnia Symptoms and signs of insomnia include lying awake for extended periods of time before being able to fall asleep, waking up several times during the night (sleeping for short periods of time), waking up early in the morning with an inability to fall back to sleep and/or waking up in the morning feeling unrefreshed or tired (NIH, 2011). 2.4.6 Predisposing, Precipitating and Perpetuating Factors of Insomnia Factors that predispose an individual to insomnia include: genetics, personality traits, psychologic arousal (eg. anxiety, agitation, and heightened vigilance), and time of day sleep-wake preference (Lee-Chiong, 2008). One theory is that physiological hyperarousal may be a predisposing factor for insomnia; research has shown that individuals with insomnia disorder have an increased metabolic rate, increased secretion of ACTH, increased beta activity in the EEG, a more rapid increase in heart rate in response to stress, and increased daytime alertness despite having a shorter sleeping period. Another predisposing factor for insomnia may be a decreased homeostatic drive for sleep; research has shown that patients with insomnia disorder do not have the same increase in slow-wave sleep following sleep deprivation that is seen in those without insomnia. A decreased sleep drive would make it more difficult to initiate and maintain sleep under baseline as well as sleep-deprived conditions ( Lee-Chiong, 2006). Insomnia is a symptom with numerous and diverse aetiologies, and in a large percentage of the population more than one cause may be present; these include: stressful life events such as conflicts in the workplace, marital distress, or final examinations; a change of usual habits; sudden changes in sleep-wake schedules caused by jet lag or changes in work shifts; environmental disturbances such as excessive noise or light in the bedroom; medication use or medication withdrawal; substance abuse; and chronic medical or psychiatric conditions. Examples of chronic medical conditions include: any condition associated with pain, respiratory or cardiac diseases associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, renal failure, hyperthyroidism, and neurodegenerative diseases (Lee-Chiong, 2006). Perpetuating factors are cognitive and behavioural changes that occur after an individual has had insomnia for a period of time. Cognitive changes that occur include preoccupation with sleep during the day, as well as a fear of not being able to sleep and fear of daytime impairment. This leads to tension at bedtime, and upon waking up during the night. Behavioural changes include keeping irregular sleep-wake schedules, taking naps during the day, staying in bed in an attempt to gain more sleep, and engaging in stimulating activities during the night. Individuals often make these changes in response to their insomnia, in an attempt to get more sleep; however, while these changes may relieve insomnia in the short-term, they promote insomnia in the long-term (Lee-Chiong, 2006). 2.4.7 Consequences of Insomnia Insomnia may result in feelings of fatigue and sleepiness. A number of individuals complain of mood disturbances and cognitive difficulties such as irritability, mild anxiety and depression; they may also complain of poor memory and concentration, and difficulty performing complex mental tasks. Because of the irritability and fatigue that is associated with insomnia, interpersonal difficulties may result; on the other hand, interpersonal difficulties may be the cause of insomnia. Insomnia may result in restriction of daytime activities, such as work, exercise and social events. This lack of regular daytime activity may in turn contribute to insomnia. In addition to these, insomnia may exacerbate symptomatology of co-morbid disease, and may herald the onset of mood disturbances (Schutte-Rodin et al., 2008). 2.5 Measurements used to asses Insomnia 2.5.1 The Insomnia Severity Index The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item questionnaire that provides a global measure of an individual’s perceived insomnia severity based on the following indicators: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and early morning awakenings; satisfaction with sleep; degree of impairment with daytime functioning; degree to which impairments are noticeable; and distress or concern with insomnia. Each item is rated on a 5 point Likert scale, and the total score ranges from 0-28. The ISI has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It has proven to be sensitive to therapeutic changes in several treatment studies of insomnia. This instrument can be used to evaluate the initial severity of insomnia, as well as the clinical significance of improvements achieved during the treatment of insomnia (Edinger Carney, n.d.) 2.6 Treatment of Insomnia 2.6.1 Pharmacological Treatment